NC-strain mice in which anaphylactic shock is easily induced were employed. When the mice were sensitized using egg albumin from the whites of eggs as an antigen with allergic conditions, the total number of mast cells which existed in the diencephalon and choroid plexuses was found to increase. The increase was observed especially in the dorsal thalamus, and not in other areas of the diencephalon. The cells in the dorsal thalamus after the initial sensitization were more numerous, and the intensity of fluorescence of histamine was stronger than that of control aminals. Moreover, the intensity range was wider. After the second sensitization dose had been given, the cells were most numerous and the fluorescence of histamine contained in the mast cells displayed a wider range of intensity, indicating an increase in amount.

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Glucagon administration to house shrews causes no histological change in the kidney, but calcium depositions are noticed at 10 and 15 days following the treatment in certain tubular spithelia.

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The origin, course and ramifications, from the origin to the mandibular foramen, of the inferior alveolar artery of the rabbit were studied by the acryl plastic injection method. In particular, the relations between the posterior deep temporal and the inferior alveolar arteries in their origin were clarified. The inferior alveolar artery was found to arise from the maxillary artery via a common trunk with the posterior deep temporal artery at the posterior end of the origin of the medial pterygoid muscle, although the posterior deep temporal appeared as a branch of the inferior alveolar. This common trunk ran laterally, and gave rise to the medial and lateral pterygoid branches as well as small twigs to the otic ganglion and the tympanic bulla. It thus reached the meeting area between the inferior margin of the lateral pterygoid muscle and the posterior margin of the medial pterygoid muscle, where it divided into the inferior alveolar artery anteroinferiorly and the posterior deep temporal artery superiorly. The inferior alveolar artery gave off the lingual branch, the temporal branch and the anterior marginal branch, and sometimes the deep layer branch, between the pars orbitalis ventralis of the temporal muscle and the deep layer of the medial pterygoid muscle.

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There is at present disagreement on the nerve supply to the M. supracostalis anterior of man with some reports describing it to be innervated by the R. muscularis externus n. intercostalis, and other reports describing it to be supplied by the R. cutaneus lateralis n. intercostalis. In order to determine the nerve supply to this muscle as well as to determine its true nature, examinations were made of the anterior chest wall of 50 sides of the body in 25 adult cadavers, The following findings and conclusions were made.
(1) Three cases were found which were considered to represent the M. supracostalis anterior. All of these cases were concluded as being the M. supracostalis anterior based on a review of their origin, insertion, the course of the muscle bundle, and the relationships with adjacent muscles in comparison with the descriptions in earlier reports on the M. supracostalis anterior.
(2) Among the muscles discovered, the nerve supply was not determined for one. The other two muscles were confirmed to be innervated by a small branch from the R. muscularis externus n. intercostalis.
Careful analysis of the nerve supply indicated that these two muscles had differentiated from the superficial layer of the M. intercostalis externus within the first intercostal space and extended caudalwards to insert onto the lower ribs. Based on comparative anatomical considerations, they were considered to be progressive anomalous muscles.
(3) A review was made of the relation between the R. muscularis externus and R. cutaneus lateralis of the N. intercostalis. The results suggested that the R. muscularis externus, when it penetrates the M. intercostalis externus to emerge to the outer surface, may possibly be mistaken as a branch from the R. cutaneus lateralis.
(4) Some investigators have reported cases in which the M. supracostalis anterior was supplied by a branch from the R. cutaneus lateralis n. intercostalis. The true nature of the muscle in such cases was assessed from the standpoint of the nerve supply and comparative anatomy. Contrary to the views of the above investigators on the true nature of this muscle, the results of the present review suggested that the muscle in such cases was homologous with the M. sterno-costalis, which is always present on the anterior chest wall of mammals excluding man, anthropoids and monotremes, and that it was an atavistic anomalous muscle.
Moreover, if the above-mentioned reports describing the nerve supply were to be accepted, the possibility could not be ruled out of there being seen on the anterior chest wall of man a M. supracostalis anterior which should be considered to belong to the same muscular system as the M. obliquus externus abdominis.
(5) The nature of the muscle for which the nerve supply was not determined can be considered to be as follows based on the state of adhesion of the muscle with the M. intercostalis externus within the first intercostal space, and its relationship with the M. intercostalis externus and the aponeurosis of origin of the M. serratus anterior within the second intercostal space. That is, this may have been a muscle which had differentiated from the superficial layer of the M. intercostalis externus within the first intercostal space and extended caudalwards to insert onto the third rib.

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In the present study, the adrenergic nervous system in the gastric mucosa of the rat glandular stomach was reevaluated in comparison with the distribution of the cholinergic nerves by histofluorescence and electron microscopy. The “dual” nerves comprizing both cholinergic and adrenergic nerve axons were found to exist predominantly in the basal two-thirds of the fundic mucosal layer. The distribution of the adrenergic nerves, however, was scarce as compared with that of the cholinergic nerves. Both nerve fibers terminate more frequently on the true capillaries than on the epithelial cells of the fundic gland, suggesting that the gastric mucosal microcirculation is more intensely influenced by the autonomic nervous system than the gastric secretion.

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