The arterial distribution in the floor region of the mouth of the rabbit was studied by the acryl plastic injection method. The region was found to be supplied by the hyoid branch and the sublingual artery from the lingual artery, and the digastric branch from the facial artery.
In the region, the hyoid branch sent out a branch to the anterior and a branch to the inferior; the sublingual artery gave off the mylohyoid branch, the sublingual glandular branch and the genioglossal branch; and the digastric branch gave off the mylohyoid branch.

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Organization patterns of the trigeminotectal projection in the cat were studied with the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and autoradiographic techniques.
The projection was purely contralateral and most (68%) of the trigeminotectal cells were located in the oral nucleus, particularly in the rostral and ventral parts. Labeled cells in the oral nucleus had somal diameters of 22.8±7.4μm(mean±SD)and were of the ovoid, fusiform, or triangular type. Other trigeminotectal neurons occurred in the principal (7%), interpolar (13%) and caudal (12%) nuclei. On the other hand, many trigeminothalamic neurons occurred contralaterally in the principal nucleus, most of which were small sized (15.4±4.0μm)with round somata. Trigeminospinal neurons were found bilaterally and those in the oral nucleus were somelarger (33.2±3.1μm)and of the multipolar type.
After injection of tritiated leucine into the rostral and ventral parts of the oral nucleus, silver grains of the labeled trigeminotectal fibers were found contralaterally, terminating in the intermediate gray layer of the superior colliculus. The terminals were seen to form columnar patches,100-500μm wide, separaed at 100-300μm intervals. The discontinuous patches of terminals of other collicular afferents than the trigeminotectal projection were discussed with a comment on their morphological features that have been shown by other investigators.

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On the basis of the hip bones (os coxae) of 103 Japanese,102 American White and 97 American Blacks, sexual dimorphism was ascertained by means of three dimensions (pubic and ischial lengths and iliac width) and three indices (ischium-pubis, ilium-ischium and ilium-pubis). In relation to sex differences of the hip bone, the shape component seemed to be more important than the size component in each combination of the dimensions, except for a pair of ischial length and iliac width. A pair of pubic and ischial lengths was the most useful relation for sexing the hip bone among all combinations of these dimensions. In the distribution of the ischium-pubis index, the overlap samples between the male and female series were 7.8% in Japanese,5.9% in American Whites and 7.2% in American Blacks. With the discriminant function of the pudic and ischial lengths, probabilities of misdiagnosis are 3.48% in Japanese,5.82% in American Whites and 4.50% in American Blacks.

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The basal and luminal surfaces of the capillary of the pecten oculi in the common finch (Uroloncha striata domestica) were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. A dense network of capillaries could be exposed by treatment with collagenase and HCl. The pericytes on the stromal surface of the capillary wall were sparse in distribution and were in close contact with the endothelial cells of the capillary. The basal processes of the endothelial cells of the capillary were composed of microfolds which anastomosed with each other. On the fractured surface of the capillary, the luminal surface of the endothelial cells was occupied by microvilli and microfolds. The differentiation of the endothelial cell membrane into basal and luminal surfaces in the pectineal capillary may play the role of expansion of the receptive surface area to membrane-bound enzymes.

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Cationized ferritin (CF) was used as a visual probe for surface anionic sites in the thyroid follicle epithelial cells. The rat thyroid glands were dissociated by enzyme digestion. The sheets of follicle cells maintained their structural polarity. When labeled after aldehyde fixation, CF was uniformly distributed over the entire cell surface in a thin layer. No regional difference in CF binding pattern was seen. When living cells were Iabeled at 0-4°C, CF was randomly scattered in a dispersed fashion on the apical surface, while the baso-lateral surface was heavily coated with a continuous thick layer of CF. When living cells were incubated with CF at 37°C, a small number of CF were found in clusters along the microvilli on the apical surface, while CF remained continuously and evenly on the baso-lateral surface similar to that of the cells labeled at 0-4°C. These regional differences in binding pattern of CF suggest differences in the properties between the apical and the baso-lateral membranes. It may contribute to maintain the structural and functional polarity in thyroid follicle epithelial cells.

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Secretory cells of the human axillary apocrine sweat gland were studied with the transmission electron microscope. They contain several different kinds of granules. Small granules and vesicles about 150 nm in diameter are arranged immediately beneath the luminal surface membrane. These granules are extremely variable in electron density, from very dense granules to clear vesicles. Some of these vesicles are opened to the gland lumen, and are suggestive of exocytosis. Some balloon-like cytoplasmic projections contain these vesicles. Therefore, it seems that the apical granules and vesicles are secretory in nature, and are released into the lumen by either exocytosis or an apocrine mechanism. They are stained well with the methenamine silver method, and are probably formed in the Golgi apparatus. Large dense granules are accumulated in the supranuclear cytoplasm. They contain small dense particles and medium-sized vacuoles. It is not likely that apical secretory granules or vesicles are derived from these large dense granules or the vacuoles in them. Medium-sized cored vacuoles are probably the precursors of large dense granules. A complex of loosely aggregated granules and droplets is also observed, and is thought to belong to the true lysosomes. It is suggested that the Golgi apparatus or GERL may produce the apical secretory granules and cored vacuoles. Mitochondria may develop into large, less dense granules due to a strong accumulation of matrix substance. The significance of such enlargement of mitochondria cannot be known yet. Infoldings of basal plasma membrane are observed, and while some of them are true infoldings, most of them are intercellular interdigitations.

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Three of resident cells of the hepatic sinusoidal wall and in connection with these, the hepatic parenchyma were electron microscopically observed in four species of birds.
Avian hepatocytes were characterized by densely packed, abundant large mitochondria probably in accordance with mandatory postulation of high energy for flight. Supra- and paranuclear location of Golgi complexes in avian hepatocytes was characteristic, and this and other cytological signs were suggestive both of emiocytotic discharge of some bile constituents from the hepatocyte into the bile canalicule and of endocytosis of unknown substance by means of bristle-coated micropinocytotic caveolae and vesicles into the hepatocyte from the content of the bile canalicule.
The most conspicuous feature of the avian sinusoidal endothelium consisted in that the perikaryonal cytoplasm was so rich in organelles, and comparable to that of the Kupffer cell; it contained numerous fine smooth-surfaced tubules filled with dense material, coated micropinocytotic caveolae and vesicles, macropinocytotic vesicles and many lysosomes. The distinction between thinner and thicker portions in the membraneous cytoplasmic extension was not conspicuous and sieve plates limited to the thinner portions were not numerous.
The most conspicuous and reliable cytological differences between the Kupffer cell and endothelial cell were found in cell coat, pseudopodia and mitochondria, the last of which were larger in the former. The worm-like body was found in the Kupffer cells of chicken liver. In the initial stage of the erythrophagocytosis, the Kupffer cell sends out pseudopodia not only to embrace the adhered erythrocyte but also to penetrate into the latter, so that a complex interdigitation of cytoplasm of both cell types was observable.
The avian Ito cell, located in the Disse's space, contained multiple small lipid droplets and exhibited well-known essential cytological features as revealed in the mammalian liver. Segments of the so-called subendothelial processes were found here and there in the Disse's space. The diplosome was demonstrated within the Golgi area and the distal centriole proved to be provided with a cap-like ciliary vesicle, a cross-striated basal foot and a cross-striated rootlet, and a microtubule arose from the tip of the basal foot. The sequent developmental processes of a single cilium from the distal centriole first into the ciliary vesicle and then further into the Disse's space or into the sinusoid through a fenestrum of the endothelial lining were traced. Thus, the single cilium was established to be a common meta-plasmic structure of the Ito cell in vertebrates. Not only Ito cell, but also endothelial and Kupffer cell of birds contained the spheridy (nuclear body) in the nucleus as reported in mammalian sinusoidal cells.
Besides sporadical lymphocytes and plasma cells, many macrophages of various differentiation stages were found in the hepatic parenchyma of the birds examined, especially of chickens. Those in an advanced differentiation resembled Kupffer cells in ultrastructure. Occasionally morphological sign suggestive of migration of the macrophage into the sinusoid was observed, and the macrophage even in a low differentiation stage was actually found in the sinusoidal lumen. Macrophages derived from the hepatic parenchyme were thought to transform into Kupffer cells after being fixed to sinusoidal endothelial lining. Therefore, the presence of organellepoor immature Kupffer cells might be explained. Thus, macrophages in the hepatic parenchyma may be an origin or a source of the Kupffer cell in the sinusoid.

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In order to study the ultrastructure and the chemical components of intranuclear paracrystalline inclusions appearing in human osteosarcoma cells, ultrathin sections were examined a trasmission electron microscope. The chemical properties of the inclusions were studied with perchloric acid, Bernhard's EDTA technique and X-ray scanning microanalysis. It was concluded that the intranuclear paracrystalline inclusions contain RNA.

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Using the modified Bielschowsky-Nagahama staining techniqe, I have hither to shown the enamel spindles, enamel lamellae, enamel tufts and the granular layers consiat of nothing else than the extention fibers, and here report new finding on the nature of interglobular dentin, When stained heavily with silver nitrate, interglobular dntin appears black, and around it there can be seen many fine fibers, these fine fibers are of course branches of dentinal fibers, and can be so by appropriate staining. From this it appears that the interglobular dentin consists of a mass of fine branches of dentinal fibers, and among the fine branches can be seen

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Three cases of m. corrugator posticus SANTORINI, aberrant muscle slips separated from the platysma, were observed among 58 Kyushu-Japanese. Two of them occurred bilaterally in the posterior neck region of a 73-year-old male cadaver. On his right side, the aberrant muscle slip was bifurcated. The other case was observed on the left side in the posterior neck region of a 76-year-old male cadaver and was also bifurcated. These muscle slips separated from the muscle fibers of the platysma.

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Synaptic organization in the spinal and rubral fiber-recipient regions in the inferior olive (IO) of the cat was examined electron microscopically; the spinal fiber-recipient regions were the caudolateral portions of the medial accessory olive (MAO) and the lateral portions of the dorsal accessory olive (DAO), and the rubral fiber-recipient regions were the middle portions of the dorsal lamella of the principal olive (PO).
The density of axosomatic (AS) synaptic terminals (the number of AS terminals per 100μm length of somatic membrane) was calculated on each somatic profiles cut through the nuclear plane. It ranged from 0 to 12.0 with an average of 2.4±0.32. No correlations were recognized between the cell size and the density of AS terminals. About 25% of AS terminals were filled with round synaptic vesicles (Rtype), and 75% contained pleomorphic synaptic vesicles (P-type). About 60%axodendritic (AD) axon terminals were of R-type, and 40% were of P-type.
In the cats allowed to survive for 2 to 7 days after hemicordotomy at the 2nd cervical cord segment, or after placing lesions in the red nuclear regions, electronaxon terminals were seen ipsilaterally in the MAO and DAO regions, or in the PO regions, respectively. The vast majority of these degenerated axon terminals were in contact with dendritic profiles and appeared to be of R-type. Although electron-dense axon terminals never exceeded more than 7% of the total population of axon terminals in the IO regions examined, the ratio of AD terminals of R-type to those of P-type was decreased in the IO regions deafferented from spinal or mesencephalic fibers for 35 days.

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Detailed histochemical studies have been performed on the distribution of the nuclei innervating the supraoptic nucleus (SO) in the whole brain after horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injections through fine glass micropipettes (2-8μm tip diameter) into the SO of 39 Wistar rats. The chromatogenic reaction was carried out according to Mesulam's No.8 procedure (1976). In the 3 cases, where injected HRP was most exactly restricted to the SO, HRP-labeling was limited to some small neurons located just dorsal to the SO. The other successful HRP injections into the SO resulted in labeling rather few neurons which are sparsely distributed in various regions of the brain. The following conclusions were drawn from the analysis of these successful cases. The rapid Golgi method was used to check the morphology and possible functions of these small neurons revealed in the 3 cases.
Every nuclei of the subthalamus and posthypothalamus innervate the SO whereas probably very few neurons of the hypothalamic arcuate and ventromedial nuclei send axons to it. The afferent monoaminergic fibers arise largely from the B7 and B8, and to a lessor extent from the A6 and A10 cell groups. There is a high possibility that the mesencephalic central gray directly innervates the SO. The septum, diagonal band nucleus and amygdala send very few projections, whereas the olfactory tubercle and pyriform cortex may not. It remains unanswered whether the hippocampus projects to it or not. Small non-secretory neurons in and around the SO may be important relay neurons to large neurosecretory ones.

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In 18 species of the Muroidea, the cytoarchitecture of the barrel structures of the posteromedial barrel subfield (PMBSF) in the primary somatosensory cortex was studied comparatively by cresyl violet staining.
All species examined revealed barrel structures. The barrel patterns were classified into three types, A, B and C, on the basis of the features of the "side", "septum" and "hollow" of each barrel. The type A barrel was the most clearly defined, the type C barrel was obscure in appearance, and the type B barrel was intermediate between types A and C. In general, the larger the brain, the less obvious were the barrels. However, Meriones unguiculatus had a type A barrel even though its brain was large. This situation is discussed in relation to the peculiar habitat, such as arid desert.

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Ultrastructural changes of the parathyroid gland treated with electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve were examined. Many chief cells in the parathyroid gland after stimulation by the vagus nerve contained a decreased number of secretory granules in the peripheral cytoplasm and an increased number of poorlydeveloped Golgi complexes, heterogeneously dense bodies and lipid droplets compared to the control parathyroid gland.
These alterations suggest that cellular activity is suppressed in many chief cells of the parathyroid gland after stimulation by the vagus nerve.

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Two theories for the evolution of the articular cavity have long been disputed: the first is that the articular cavity originates from the liquefaction of tissue, and the second is that it is a result of dehiscence of tissue. We investigated the development of the articular cavity using chick embryos.
The study included 24 embryos in all, of which one each was incubated every 6hours from a 6-day,0-hour embryo to an 11-day,18-hour embryo. Their heads were embedded in paraffin and sectioned serially at 10μm nearly parallel to the upper surface of the lower beak.
In the 6-day,0-hour embryo, the anlage of the quadrate-mandible articulation had already formed. In the 6-day,18-hour embryo, prominent changes were recognized in the cluster of mesenchymal cells which lay between the two cartilages composing the articulation; in this region, a primitive articular cavity, i. e. an apparent tendency for two cells to separate, was recognized in several places, and moreover, the cells facing this primitive articular cavity formed an ellipse with the long axis orientated perpendicularly to the line linking the two cartilages. The nuclei of these cells were large and the cells had little cytoplasm. These primitive articular cavities enlarged and fused as time passed, and the cells gradually became long and slender and their shape changed from an ellipse to a spindle. In the 8day,18-hour embryo, a cell layer stripped off from the mesenchymal cells was seen in the articular aperture. In the 10-day,0-hour embryo, one part of it separated from the mesenchymal cells, and clusters of cells which became isolated in this articular aperture were recognized. At this stage, no liquefaction of tissue could be recognized.
Thus, based on our findings, no liquefaction of tissue was seen in the process of articular cavity formation, and it was assumed that the articular cavity originated by the dehiscence of tissue.

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Structural and carbohydrate histochemicall investigations were made of the minor salivary gands of the Japanese macaque, and the following conclusions were drawn.
1. Both the minor sublingual glands and retromolar glands represent small glands having their own excretory ducts which are located in the indicated regions.
2. The mucous cells in the minor sublingual glands and retromolar glands predominantly surpass the serous cells in number.
3. The Japanese macaque has no anterior lingual glands.
4. The glandular cells in the minor salivary glands contain no glycogen.
5. The mucous cells contain neutral, weak and strong acid mucopolysaccharides, and reactions to the strong mucopolysaccharide are distinctly demonstrated.
6. Some mucous glands neighboring the von Ebner's glands contain no strong acid mucopolysaccharide, and nothing else except such a kind of mucous glands was found.
7. The reactions to the adove-mentioned mucosubstances in the serous cells are limited to the granules. It is presumed therefore that quantity of the same substance, especially the strong acid mucopolysaccharide in the mucous cells, is small.
8. Since the so-called serous cells contain three kinds of mucopolysaccharides, they should be termed seromucous cells.
9. von Ebner's glands also cotain three kinds of mucopolysaccharides. They are thus seromucous glands, but strongly surpass the common seromucous glands in the quantity of the same mucosubstances.
10. The mucous components in the minor salivary glands of the Japanese macaque predominantly surpass the serous ones in quantity.

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The fine structure of the liver in 19 species of teleosts were studied in aspects of comparative anatomy.
1. Kupffer stellate cells were very difficult to find out in the perisinusoidal region of the liver throughout all the teleosts examined.
2. In the Disse space of these animals, Ito cells containing fat droplets and fibroblast-like cells are present. After the administration of large doses of vitamin A all the fibroblast-like cells transform to the fat-storing cells in the goldfish and carp.
3. In the liver of Cyprinida (Carassius auratus, Carassius carassius, and Cyprinus carpio, and except for Misgurnus fossilus), Cyprinodontida (Oryzias latipes), Percida (Epinephelus akaara, Hepalogenys mucronatus, Chrysophrys major, Halichoeres poecilopterus), Cottida (Sebastes schlegeri, Inimicus japonicus, Sebastes inermis, Platycephalus indicus), and Pleunonectida (Paralichthys olivaceus and Limanda herzensteini), typical desmosomes are frequently seen between two endothelial cells, between the endothelial cell and the Ito cell, between two Ito cells, between the Ito cell and the hepatocyte, and between two hepatocytes.
In addition, in the gold fish liver, the Ito cells are also present just beneath the peritoneal epithelium. There are numerous desmosomes between the peritoneal epithelial cell and the Ito cell, and between the Ito cell and the hepatocyte.
4. Some teleosts having desmosomal structures in the perisinusoidal regions mentioned above are usually poor in development of collagen fibrils in the Disse space, while the other teleosts without any desmosomal structures, such as Anguillida (Anguilla japonica, Astroconger myriaster) and Clupeida (Salmo gairdneri irricleus, Onchorhynchus masou), are very rich in collagen fibrils in the Disse space. In Cyprinida, only Misgurnus fossilis shows the same structure as them.
5. Each hepatocyte of the gold fish, carp, crucian and lorch possesses an intracellular canaliculus. The hepatocyte of these animals is extremely large in size and characterized by an occurrence of a large glycogen-area, while the cell organelles are concentrated in the perinuclear region. The intracellular bile canaliculus is considered to be necessary to transport the bile from the cell organelle through the large glycogen area.

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A very rare variation of the latissimus dorsi muscle was discovered on the left side of the body in a 77-year-old Japanese man in whom this muscle had accessory insertion into the first rib and into the pectoralis minor muscle in addition to its regular insertion into the crest of the lesser tubercle of the humerus.
A slender fasciculus (aberrant bundle) was found which separated anteriorly from the ventral margin of the latissimus dorsi muscle and immediately became a band-like aponeurosis. This aponeursis ran upwards and medialwards between the external intercostal muscles and the pectoralis minor muscle. After giving off a digitation that attached to the pectoralis minor muscle, it inserted for the most part into the first rib.
The left side of the body also had a muscular arch of the axilla which attached to the regular tendon of insertion of the latissimus dorsi muscle and to the bandlike aponeurosis.
Gross and dissecting stereomicroscopic examinations were made of the nerve supply, and the aberrant bundle from the latissimus dorsi muscle was found to receive a small branch from the thoracodorsal nerve, while the muscular arch of the axilla was innervated by the pectoral nerve.
The literature was reviewed for any change in shape of the latissimus dorsi muscle in the presence of a muscular arch of the axilla, and for the true nature of the aberrant fasciculus from this muscle, in particular concerning the true nature of the band-like aponeurosis with which the aberrant bundle was continuous. As a result, it is suggested that the separation of an aberrant fasciculus from the latissimus dorsi muscle is possible regardless of the presence or absence of the muscular arch of the axilla. Moreover, it is speculated that the band-like aponeurosis was a band formed from the fascia situated on the external intercostal muscles and serratus anterior muscle. Concerning the mechanism of formation of this variation, it is considered that the aberrant bundle from the latissimus dorsi muscle had become adherent to the band formed from the fascia situated on the external intercostal muscles and the serratus anterior muscle, and further that the muscular arch of the axilla had become attached to the regular tendon of insertion of the latissimus dorsi muscle and to the above-mentioned aberrant bundle.

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The mouse and rat have been shown to have many taste buds on the incisive papillae of the hard palate. In the rat incisive papilla, taste buds were more numerously observed than in the mouse. They were most densely distributed in both animals on the anteromedial wall of the lower part of the nasopalatine ducts. The taste buds on the mouse incisive papilla appeared at 4 or 5 days of age, and after 20 days of age the number of taste buds was almost constant. The rat taste buds also showed a tendency to continue their development after 10 weeks of age. An active role for the taste buds on the incisive papilla in the mouse and rat is suggested in that the taste buds are more numerously distributed in the nasopalatine ducts than on the oral surface.

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The innervation of the orbital muscle of the mouse was studied by light, fluorescence, and electron microscopy. The light microscopy of serial sections with the photographi csilver method indicates that the orbital muscle is supplied with unmyelinated nerve fibers passing through each branch of the retro-orbital nerve plexus, the anterior ethmoidal nerve, and the zygomaticofacial nerve. The nerve fibers form a nerve plexus on both the orbital and bulbar surfaces of the muscle belly. They show many varicosities along their course.
The histochemical investigations reveal that both catecholamine-fluorescent varicose fibers and acetylcholinesterase-active varicose fibers are distributed in the muscle. In the posterior portion of the muscle the former are more numerous than the latter, while in the anterior portion only the former are found. After superior cervical ganglionectomy the catecholamine-fluorescent fibers disappear, while after pterygopalatine ganglionectomy the acetylcholinesterase-active fibers vanish. After sectioning the nasociliary and zygomatic nerves, the catecholaminefluorescent fibers in the anterior portion of the muscle disappear.
In electron micrographs, the varicosities appear as axonal expansions containing many synaptic vesicles. A relatively wide space,0.1 to 1.0μin width, lies between the axonal expansion and the muscle cell. The expansions can be classified into two types: Type I always having small granular vesicles and usually also a few agranular or large granular vesicles, and Type II having many agranular vesicles and imessomet also a few large granular vesicles. Type I undergoes degeneration after superior cervical ganglionectomy, while Type II degenerates after pterygopalatine ganglionectomy. In the posterior portion of the muscle Type I is more frequent (36.4±13.2/104μ² area of muscle) than Type II (6.6±4.3/104μ²), while in the anterior portion Type I is alone pfesent (37.5±9.6/104μ²).
These observations indicate that Type I axonal expansions correspond to the synaptic endings of the adrenergic fibers originating from the superior cervical ganglion, and Type II expansions correspond to the synaptic endings of the cholinergic fibers derived from the pterygopalatine ganglion, and that the adrenergic fibers supplied to the anterior portion of the muscle are conveyed via the nasociliary and zygomatic nerves.

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Elastic fibers were stained with alum hematoxylins adjusted to near neutral pH, and the characteristics of modified alum hematoxylin in the staining of elastic fibers were examined and compared with those of conventional elastic fiber stains.
Cartilage and sublingual mucous cells were strongly stained with orcein, resorcinfuchsin, but not with modified alum hematoxylin, the latter showed an affinity for surface epithelial mucous cells of the stomach. In model tissue-experiments using synthetic polyamino acids, modified alum hematoxylin did not exhibit an affinity for tyrosine, whereas orcein, aldehyde-fuchsin, resorcin-fuchsin, and iron-hematoxylin did.
These findings and the results of various blocking reactions prior to staining, suggest that modified alum hematoxylin does not possess basic dye characteristics. The staining mechanisms of modified alum hematoxlin and conventional elastic fiber stains are discussed.

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The incorporation of [14C] formate and [8-14C]adenine into nucleic acid in blood-forming cells was studied by the autoradiographic technique. The isotopic markers were injected subcutaneously into young rats weighing from 100 to 150 g three times every 24 hours and the animals were examined 3 hours after the last injection. In the case of [14C]formate injection, erythroblasts exhibited extremely strong labeling in contrast to weaker labeling of other blood-forming cells.
In the case of [14C]adenine administration, on the other hand, immature cells of the granuclocytic series as well as immature reticulum cells (proliferating cells of reticular tissue) were much more heavily labeled than were other blood-forming cells, particularly the erythroblasts which revealed weak or no labeling. By digestion or extraction of DNA, RNA or both from cells with DNase, RNase or hot 10%perchloric acid treatment, respectively, it was confirmed that the observed heavy labeling of any type of cells with either [14C]formate or [14C]adenine was due chiefly to incorporation of the radioactive materials into nuclear DNA.
The present results are discussed together with the findings of earlier studies on lymphoid cells which indicate that, in certain cell types, the patterns of [3H]deoxycytidine labeling differ considerably from the corresponding patterns of [3H]deoxycytidine labeling. The present and earlier findings provide evidence to substantiate that, among blood-forming cells, there are considerable variations in the labeling patterns of nuclear DNA depending on differences in the radioactive DNA precursors used as well as in the cell types.

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The fine structure of the goblet cells in the nasal respiratory epithelium of the rat was examined, in comparison with that of the intestinal goblet cells, by electron microscopy. The nasal goblet cells are characterized by the remarkable development of agranular endoplasmic reticulum in the apical cytoplasm; on the other hand, the intestinal goblet cells are completely devoid of this type of endoplasmic reticulum. In the nasal goblet cells mucus secretory granules are embedded in the networks of agranular endoplasmic reticulum, when accumulating in the apical cytoplasm. The basal half of the cells is abundantly provided with parallel arrayed cisterns of granular endoplasmic reticulum. The distribution pattern of endoplasmic reticulum as mentioned above is quite similar to that in the non-ciliated cells (Clara cells) of the terminal bronchiole. The study suggests that the nasal goblet cells of the rat are not only involved in the mucus secretion, but also play at least in part the same functional role as do the Clara cells. However, the functional implication of the agranular endoplasmic reticulum in the nasal goblet cells is in reality not known at present.

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The direct projections from the motor cortex to the ipsilateral interstitial nuleus of Cajal were investigated using anterograde (3H-Leucine and ³H-Proline autoradiography) tracing methods. Direct connections from the motor cortex to the interstitial nucleus were found only on the side ipsilateral to the injections.

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The precise distribution of the cutaneous nerves in the upper extremity and the positional relations with respect to the superficial veins were examined in two adults and three mature fetuses. In the fetuses, a skin flap stripped from the underlying deep fascia was placed upside down in water to trace the cutaneous nerves under a stereoscopic microscope. By this method, all the cutaneous nerves could be followed peripheralwards as they entered the undersurface of the corium, preserving the entire course of the nerves without interruption. The results obtained were as follows.
1) Accoding to previous work by the authors, not only the muscular nerves of the brachial plexus but also the cutaneous ones could be classified into ventral and dorsal derivatives. The boundaries of distribution between the ventral and dorsal cutaneous nerves coincided with the course of the cephalic and basilic veins.
2) Overlapping of distribution between adjacent cataneous nerves could not be observed. Thus against Foerster's findings in the living body which demonstrated a broad overlap of distribution between cutaneous nerves, each cutaneous nerve had its own supply area, and no other nerves supplied the same region.
3) The course of the anterior axial line which had been observed physiologically as boundaries between discontinuous dermatomes, could be determined anatomically. In the proximal half of the arm, it coincided with the course of the cephalic vein.

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The myelin formation pattern of Shiverer mutant mice was investigated in detail by electron and light microscopy, especially with the Golgi silver-impregnation method. The myelin lamellae of Shiverer mice were mostly formed between stratified cytoplasmic sheets of oligodendroglia and their lamellae were only sporadically arranged in a spiral. We believe that some cytoplasmic sheets in these myelin sheaths might, even though in part, originate from plural processes either of the same or different oligodendroglia, and in addition, some cytoplasmic sheets might split to be multiplied in the number of stacked layers. Between these stratified cytoplasmic sheets incomplete compaction occurred to form a tri-lamellar membranous structure as we had described previously (Inoue et al.1981), in which the major dense lines were mostly absent.
We believe that the internodal segments of myelin sheaths might be much shorter than those of normal ones either by Golgi impregnated images or by electron microscopy, and might be more numerous in number than those of the control, although myelinated nerve fibers were remarkably less. Oligodendroglia proliferated predominantly in the Shiverer mouse spinal cord. Most of them were of the mature type with an electron-dense appearance.

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To determine the difference of size between the cortical speech region in the dominant hemisphere and its corresponding region in the other hemisphere, the planum temporale was measured and compared by means of a rubbed copy method using 50 brains of both sexes. The planum temporale was significantly larger in the left hemisphere than in the right.

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The authors observed the so-called GI. sublingualis minor in man and the Japanese macaque, and the following conclnsions were reached.
1. The so-called minor sublingual gland is not a single gland, but a group of small independent glands having their own excretory ducts.
2. The several small independent glands and their excretory ducts should be named the GI. sublingualis minor and Ductus sublingualis minor, respectively, and the plural terms are the GII. sublinguales minores and Ductus sublinguales minores.
3. Several Ductus sublinguales minores from tne GI. sublingualis are illusted by diagrams in certain textbooks of human anatomy, but they are incorrect.
4. There is no term of GII. sublinguales minores in the P. N. A. Nevertheless, the Ductus sublinguales minores are included in the GI. sublingualis. However, the GII. sublinguales minores do not belong to the GI. sublingualis. They are two different things.
5. The mucous cells in the GII. sublinguales minores predominantly outnumber the seromucous cells, while the number of mucous cells in the GI. sublingualis is somewhat larger than that of the seromucous cells.
6. The mucous acini in the GII. sublinguales minores are generally larger than those in the GI. sublingualis.
7. The GI. sublingualis consists of two kinds of mucous acini: a large neumber of type I and a small number of type II acini. The type I acini react weakly to pH 1.0 AB, and very weakly to pH 0.5 AB, although some acini are negative to this reaction. The type II acini react strongly even to pH 0.5 AB. The GII. sublinguales minores also have two kinds of mucous acini, and type II predominantly outnumbers type I.
8. Based on items 1)-7), the P. N. A. should separate the Ductus sublinguales minores from the GI. sublingualis, and revive the terms of GI. sublingualis, GII. sublinguales minores, Ductus sublingualis major and Ductus sublinguales minores in the J. N. A.
9. The authors are opposed to the opinion that the group of the GII. sublinguales minores represents a single gland. Accordingly, they are against the terms of GI. sublingualis polystomatica and Ductus sublinguales minores used in the N. A. V.

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The effects of orchiectomy on the fine structure of the zona reticularis of sexually mature adult rats were investigated morphometrically at 1,2,3,4and 8 weeks after castration. The average thickness of the reticularis zone showed a significant increase at 8 weeks. The average surface areas of the sections through the entire cell and all its mitochondria or lipid droplets per reticularis cell section increased rapidly and reached an initial peak at 2 weeks. Thereafter, they decreased at 3 weeks, and then the average sectional areas of both the entire cell and the lipid droplets reached a second peak at 4 weeks, while that of the mitochondria continued to increase gradually. A similar tendency was also demonstrated in the percentage area of the cytoplasm occupied by lipid droplets or by mitochondria. On the other hand, the average sectional area of the nucleus remained almost unchanged between postcastration weeks 1 and 4, but increased signficantly at 8 weeks.
These data appear to be associated with hypertrophy and proliferation of the reticularis cells, and may therefore suggest that the zona reticularis in sexually mature rats can be activated to compensate for a deficiency of testosterone induced by orchiectomy.

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In order examine semi-thin sections appmximately 0.2μm thick for light microscopy with an accelerating potential of 100 kV by a conventional electron microscope, Quetol 651 as a low viscosity water-miscible epoxy resin was suitable for an embedding medium. Semi-thin sections approximately 0.2μm thick embedded in Quetol 651 could be examined with an ordinary electron microscope operating at 100 kV.
Tissues were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde with buffered cacodylate at pH 7.4for 3 hr, postfixed in 2% osmium tetroxide with buffered cacodylate at pH 7.4 for 2 hr and stained with en bloc by 3% aqueous solution of uranyl acetate for 2 hr at 37°C. After dehydration in graded alcohol, they were embedded in the Quetol 651mixture. Semi-thin sections approximately 0.2μm thick were cut with glass knives on a conventional ultramicrotome. Semi-thin sections on grids were stained with the Giemsa method and methylene blue-azure II-basic fuchsin. Staining without removal of the embedding matrix was sharp and brilliant. These stained sections were observed under a light microscope. For electron microscopy, they were doubly stained with uranyl acetate and lead salt. Identical sites on such sections could be distinctly examined with an accelerating potential of 100 kV at low magnification (250-1,500 times) using LEM-2000, a combined light and electron microscope. Thus, photomicrographs electron micrographs of identical sites on tissue samples could be compared exactly.

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Intra-pair similarity of some somatological traits was analysed about 59 male and 69 female Japanese monozygotic twin-pairs aged between 12.25 and 13.25 years in terms of intraclass correlation coefficient (r') as well as Coefficient of Similarity (CS). Among 28 anthropometric measurements, the stature, body weight and iliospinal height consist of the highest similarity group, while skinfold thicknesses, calf fat thickness (X-ray) and some cephalic measurements belong to the lowest. Among 26 indices, relative body weight, Kaup, Rohrer, cephalic modulus are high, and intermembral index, abdominal index, acromio-cristal index are low in similarilarity. For circumferencial sizes, both absolute and relative, the male similarity is noticeably higher than the female one. Physiological ages, including skeletal, menarchial and peak height velocity, represent a high similarity. In calf tissue composition analysis, Bone is high, Fat is low, and Muscle is intermediate in similarity. The relation of the similarity with the so-called heritability was discussed.

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This paper deals with biomechanics of the iliotibial tract, which is a large ligament specific to man. First, we analysed the force equilibrium of the femur, studied the way the change of the tract in tension is compensated by the forces of joints and muscles concerned. Then, we made two kinds of photoelastic model experiments: one for investigating the change of marginal stresses in the femur as functions of parameters, e. g. tension of the tract and inclination of the knee joint; the other for confirming Pauwels' experiment.
The results show that the iliotibial tract does not have such a great deal of stress-reducing effect on the femur as has been long believed by many investigators since Pauwels indicated it in 1948. Instead of the conventional interpretation, we proposed a hypothesis that the iliotibial tract may have had an evolutionary significance in the development of human bipedal locomotion.

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To investigate the distribution, shape and stainability of the ACTH cells from human, baboon, monkey, cat, dog, rat, mouse, hamster, guinea pig, white-toothed shrew, house musk shrew and mole pituitaries, adjacent tissue sections were immunostained with anti-porcine ACTH1-39 serum and with PAS-ironhematoxylin respectively. Mammalian ACTH cells display two separate morphological appearances: 1) oval or polygonal and 2) stellate or elongate. The first type exists in all the tested mammals except for the house musk shrew, in which the elongate cells predominate. The second type co-exists with the first in the cat, dog, guinea pig, rat, mouse and hamster. Most ACTH cells were diffusely immunostained in all the mammals except for the rat and mouse, in which the rim of ACTH cells was immunostained. Based on their granularity, mammalian ACTH cells may be divided into oval or polygonal granule-rich chromophilic cells and into stellate poorly granulated chromophobic cells. The former can be classified into amphophilic and acidophilic subtypes according to their staining properties with PAS-iron-hematoxylin. Acidophilic ACTH cells are found in the dog, house musk shrew and mole; amphophilic ones in the human, baboon, cat, mouse, hamster, white-teethed shrew and mole; and chromophobic ones in the monkey, dog, guinea pig, rat and mouse.

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The transitional epithelium of the urinary bladder (urothelium) of the monkey (Macaca irus) was investigated by light and electron microscopy. The superficial cells of the transitional epithelium of the monkey urinary bladder were large and polyhedral in shape in the collapsed stage. The luminal plama membrane revealed a scalloped appearance and was composed of a thick asymmetrical unit membrane. In the cytoplasm, filamentous inclusion bodies were observed in the vicinity of the nucleus. They measured 6.5μm×5.0μm in diameter on average, and consisted of filaments measuring ca.15 nm in diameter. These filaments were arranged regularly parallel to each other with interfilamentous spaces of ca.7 nm. The filamentous inclusion bodies were not surrounded by the limiting membrane. They stongly resembled the crystalloids of Charcot-Bottcher. The significance and function of these structures were not clear. The formation of the filamentous inclusion bodies is discussed.

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Regional anatomical and arthroscopic features studied in 20 temporomandibular joints of 19 human cadavers were described. For descriptive purposes, clinically useful arthroscopic terminology and regional anatomical nomenclature in human temporomandibular joints were proposed in this paper.

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Since elastase participates not only in elastolysis but also in elastogenesis, it has been regarded as a regulator of elastin metabolism. According to Balo and Banga, the enzyme decreases with the aging of animals and in patients with arteriosclerosis. In this study, the effect of elastase on the elastic tissues of the thoracic aortas of young and old rats was examined using morphological and histochemical techniques. From the findings obtained, the elastic laminae and elastic branches in the thoracic aortas excised from elastase-administered rats did not look parched in contrast to those of control rats. The resistance of the elastic tissues for elastase digestion in vitro increased with aging of the animals. However, the elastic tissue in the thoracic aortas of the old rats administered with elastase became susceptible to elastase digestion in vitro. In addition, the glycogen granules and contours of the smooth muscle cells became compatible with those of young controls.
Thus, from the morphological standpoint, elastase appears to play an important role in maintaining the physiological architecture of the vascular wall of the thoracic aorta.

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By electron probe microanalysis, biological dyes were re-classified as an ultrastructural marker. Biological dyes, in this respect, fall into three groups. Group 1: dyes containing particular atomic species such as Fe, Cu, Br, Ru and Hg (e. g., Alcian blue 8 GX, Eosin Y and Ruthenium red), Group 2: dyes which contain as detectable elements only those such as Na, Cl, K and S (e. g., Orang G, Aniline blue and Toluidine blue), and Group 3: dyes being 'indifferent' from the view-point of electron probe microanalysis (e. g., Picric acid, Sudan IV and Hematoxylin). Most of the commercial dye samples contain impurieties, which may interfere with the detection of target elements of interest. The contaminants in dye samples detectable by this technique included Na, S, Cl, K, Ca, Fe and Zn. It is, therefore, necessary to test impurieties of samples in actual use. We may suggest that the understanding of biological dyes and related substances as a valuable tool for ultrastructure research will be advanced in the future when used along with the technique of electron probe microanalysis.

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Fresh air-dried spreads and fresh frozen ultrathin sections dried with nitrogen gas flow were evacuated at less than 10-8 torr for more than 10 hr. They were observed by conventional electron microscopy at an accelelation voltage of 40-100 kV. Synaptic boutons filled with synaptic vesicles, ribosomes, vesicular structures, mitochondria containing fine dense granules and thin myelin, were recognized in the fresh spreads of the cerebral cortex. The cell nucleus, cytoplasm, dendrites, myelin and synaptic boutons with mitochondria attached to a cell process were seen in fresh frozen dried sections but no synaptic vesicles were identified. These specimens prepared without any chemical treatment or evaporation are expected to be applicable to various kinds of microbeam analysis.

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Postembedding staining of intracellular carbohydrates of various rat cells embedded in Epon was carried out with three kinds of lectin-ferritin conjugates. These conjugates stained various intracellular carbohydrate containing components. Free ferritin showed almost no binding to these structures and staining with the conjugates was inhibited by the addition of appropriate competitive sugars to the staining solutions. This method is very simple and can be easily reproduced.

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The arachnoid granulations or villi are not always present in lower mammals and even in human late prenatal fetus. They grow in number and size with advanced age, and thus it seems appropriate to regard them as safety-valves for the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to be prevented from its hypertension accompanied by the age and by the increasing volume of the brain. Using 2 macaque monkeys and 12 rats, and by means of scanning and transmission elecron microscopies, tracer experiments with horseradish peroxidase, elastic staining of thin sections, and freeze-substitution of rapidly frozen brains, evidences are presented to show that the drainage sites of the CSF in the brain are the sites being devoid of the bloodbrain barrier, that is, the subfornical organ at the root of the choroid plexus of lateral ventricle, the pineal body at the root of the choroid plexus of third ventricle, and the area postrema at the root of the choroid plexus of fourth ventricle, and also the hypophysis and its vicinity, and the choroid plexus itself.

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In this experiment, mouse pancreatic connective tissues were examined following excess vitamin A administration, and a new cell type and a new cell complex were found.
In the normal state, several cell species and structures are observed in the intralobular and interlobular connective tissues such as fibroblasts, fixed macrophages (one of mononuclear phagocytes), blood capilleries with pericytes, secretory ducts, myelinated or unmyelinated nerve fibers and collagenous fibers. On the other hand, following hypervitaminosis, a special cell type occurred, thatis, a lipid-storing cell. Its lipid droplets might contain vitamin A. This cell is quite similar to the fat-storing cell (Ito's cell) in the liver or vitamin A-storing cell in other tissues, and its lipid droplets revealed a special vitamin A fluorescence under fluorescence microscopy. Thus this cell was named as a "vitamin A-storing cell", and it may be included in the category of the vitamin A-storing cell system (Yamada and Hirosawa,1976).
The localization of this cell is as follows: Some of them were observed randamly in the connective tissues, but others were observed at the periphery of the blood capillaries. The latter was in close contact with the endothelial cells, and surrounded with the thin film of the basal lamina.
The origins of these vitamin A-storing cells are of at least two kinds. Some may have originated from fibroblasts (vitamin A-storing cell of fibroblast type), but others derived from pericytes of the blood capillaries (vitamin A-soring cell of pericyte type).
In the connective tissues of the mouse pancreas following excess vitamin A administration, some activated macrophages were also observed to contain a number of peculiar vacuolar phagosomes, and the cell sometimes showed intimate contact with the vitamin A-storing cell, especially the fibroblast type. The macrophage and vitamin A-storing cell formed a complex, which the authors tentatively named a "phagocyte and vitamin A-storing cell complex". The significances of the vitamin A-storing cells and the complex is also discussed.

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The morphology and connections of the accessory nucleus of Luys were examined in male Wistar strain rats using normal materials stained for Nissl or myelin sheath, and employing the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) method. This nucleus is situated ventrocaudally to the subthalamic nucleus and rostrally to the substantia nigra. The cells of the nucleus were stained more faintly than those of the subthalamic nucleus, zona incerta and substantia nigra. They were embedded in less myelinated fibers of the cerebral peduncle. HRP experiments showed that the accessory nucleus of Luys projects to the anterior portions of the thalamus, probably to the ventral lateral nucleus.

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Two rare cases of anomalous veins are reported. (1) The left hepatic vein opened directly to the right atrium, not to the inferior vena cava, in a 53year-old female undergoing dissection,1977. This anomalous vein is regarded as a remnant of the embryonic Vena revehens hepatis sinistra. (2) Three left pulmonry veins opened separately to the left atrium in an 81-year-old female undergoing dissection,1978. In this case, the left lung was composed of two lobes.

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An extremely rare case of ethmocephaly was found in a male fetus. This case was dead-born with microphthalmia, small mouth, external meatus atresia and a proboscis situated between the two orbits. The brain showed alobar holoprosencephaly which lacked the olfactory lobes and pineal gland. Other anomalies such as polydactyly and genital malformations were present.

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The hippocampal formation of the monkey (Macaca fuscata) was investigated by electron microscopy. Our attention was directed to the fine structure of the pyramidal cells in CA 3, CA 4 and of the mossy fiber endings. In addition to ordinary cell organelles, coated vesicles and subsurface cisterns were frequently observed in the pyramidal cells. We could find the initial segment of the axon of the pyremidal cells in CA 3 and moreover on the surface of it we could detect mossy fiber endings as well as Gray's type II synapses. The structure of the mossy fiber endings was fundamentaly similar to that of other mammalia. Pyramidal cells were frequently covered with mossy fiber endings, some of which terminated on neuronal somata as axo-somatic synapses. We observed dark mossy fiber endings which contained many dark synaptic vesicles and mitochondria. We also demonstrated a feature of protrusion of dendritic spines into the mossy fiber endings by serial sections. Small axo-somatic, axo-dendritic and axo-spinodendritic synapses were observed in the hilus fascia dentatae, CA 4, and in the strata radiata and pyramidale of CA 3. We classified these into two types, S and F, according to the shape of the synaptic vesicles they contained. By using Timm's sulfide-silver method under electron microscopic level dark precipitations due to the presence of zinc were found in preterminal regions of both ordinary and dark mossy fiber endings. Their distribution seemed to be restricted to synaptic vesicles as they were not seen in mitochondria. We also found dark precipitations in the small preterminal boutons distinct from mossy fiber endings.

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Observations under a light and a scanning electron microscope were made of the tongue in ten adult Japanese long-fingered bats (Miniopterus schreibersi fuliginosus). The tongue is tapering and has a lingual prominence in the posterior half. On its dorsum are four types of lingual papillae as in other mammals: circum vallote, foliate, fungiform, and filiform papillae. Sulcus terminals, however, are absent. A fan-shaped area of non-papillae is observed extending from the tongue root to the median fungiform papillae and between the circumvallate papillae. Mixture glands open into this area. The filiform papillae notably differ in morphology by their location on the tongue and can be classified into six types: 1)hair-like papillae,2) filiform papillae,3) trifid papillae,4) triangular papillae,5) saw-like papillae, and 6) conical papillae. The hair-like papillae which cover the anterior half of the tongue are considered to function effectively in catching small insects.

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Zinc in the hippocampal formation was studied by the sulfide silver method at 5,10,15, and 30 min after administration of 200 mg/kg oxine in rats. Specimens obtained at the same stages were also investigated electron microscopically.
In rats at 5 min after the oxine administration, areas with a normal positive reaction for zinc, h3-h5 the of the hippocampal formation adjacent to the stratum pyramidale of the stratum radiatum and stratum multifome of the dentate gyrus, gave a negative reaction. At 15 min after the administration, a slightly positive reaction was noted, and an intense positve reaction was observed at 30 min after the administration.
Electron microscopy revealed a marked decrease of synaptic vesicles in the mossy fiber endings of the rats at 5 min after the oxine administration. At 15 min after the administration, the synaptic vesicles in the mossy fiber endings were considerably increased. At 30 min after the administration, synaptic vesicles were densely accumulated within the endings as in normal animals.

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Serotonin (5-HT) containing endocrine cells were visualized by an immunoperoxidase technique in gastric and duodenal mucosa of the dog. Numerous 5-HT immunoreactive cells were found throughout the gastric glands below the pits and the duodenal glands below the crypts. These cells were mostly located in the middle third of the gastric glands and in the lower portion of the duodenal glands, while relatively few were found in the neck portion of both glands. The 5-HT positive cells had various features such as pyramidal or bottle-like shapes. They were always situated within the basal lamina of the glands. Electron microscopic study revealed that the 5-HT immunoreactive structures seemed identical with the secretory granules of the enterochromaffin (EC) cells. The 5-HT positive granules showed polymorphic features having 200-300 nm in diameter.
The present study demonstrates that 5-HT containing EC cells can be detected with high sensitivity by the immunoperoxidase method, in which results are in agreement with previous reports obtained by various conventional techniques such as Falck-Hillarp's fluorescence histochemistry at a light microscopic level. Further evidence is given, for the first time by immunohistochemistry, showing specific subcellular localization of immunoreactive 5-HT in gastrointestinal endocrine ceells at an electron microscopic level.

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Oligodendrocytes of different ages were observed to combine with bare DRG neurons of variable embryonic ages. The myelin formed on the bare DRG neurites by oligodendrocytes showed several radial striation between myeline lamellae, which have been recognized as a tight junction in the CNS myelin in vivo. The myelin forming cells have no basal lamina on the surface of the cytoplesm. The optic nerve and corpus callosum of younger animals (of 1to 2 weeks postnatal) caused myelin to migrate markedly more than did the older oligodendrocytes (3 to 7 weeks). Surplus membrane-like materials were formed in the older oligodendrocytes without the ability of synthesizing myelin component. The lamination of myelin in the glial source from older animal was well preserved in long term culture after the loss of the axonal component. In the group of neurites including newly formed myelin, cellular construction was consistently observed; It was composed of one or two layers of fibroblasts on a collagen substrate, upon which were a few layers of astroglia, followed by groups of neurites and oligodendrocytes, which were occasionally covered by a few layers of fibroblasts. Basal lamina was associated with the astroglia and faced the lower layer of fibroblasts, or the collagen layer there were gaps in the fibroblasts.

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