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Volume 89 (2012)
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Volume 89, Issue 4
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Shoichi EMURA, Toshihiko OKUMURA, Huayue CHEN2013 Volume 89 Issue 4 Pages 93-97
Published: 2013
Released on J-STAGE: April 25, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe examined the dorsal lingual surfaces of an adult jaguar (Panthera onca) by scanning electron microscopy. The tongue of the jaguar was about 17 cm long, and the center of the lingual apex became hollow. There were 7 vallate papillae in total. The filiform papilla on the lingual apex consisted of a larger main papilla and some secondary papillae. The connective tissue core of the filiform papilla was mountain-like in shape. The connective tissue core of the fungiform papilla was mushroom-like in shape. The filiform papilla on the anterior part of the lingual body was large and cylinder-like in shape. The connective tissue core of the filiform papilla consisted of a big conical papilla and many rod-like papillae. The filiform papilla on the central part of the lingual body was a big conical papilla. The connective tissue core of the filiform papilla consisted of a rod process and bowl-like structure. The vallate papillae were located on both sides of the posterolateral aspects. The vallate papillae were flattened-oval in shape and the papillae were surrounded by a groove and pad. The top of the connective tissue core of the vallate papilla had a rough surface with no spines.View full abstractDownload PDF (2636K) -
Shoichi EMURA, Toshihiko OKUMURA, Huayue CHEN2013 Volume 89 Issue 4 Pages 99-103
Published: 2013
Released on J-STAGE: April 25, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe examined the dorsal lingual surfaces of an adult giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis) by scanning electron microscopy. The filiform papillae on the lingual apex consisted of slender and thick conical papillae. The connective tissue core of the filiform papilla was flower-bud-like in shape. The filiform papillae on the lingual body consisted of large conical papillae and the fungiform papillae were round in shape. The connective tissue core of the fungiform papilla was rose-like in shape. The filiform papillae on the lingual prominence consisted of more large conical papillae than that of the lingual body. The connective tissue core of the filiform papilla was trianglar in shape. The large lenticular papillae were limited on the lingual prominence. The connective tissue core of the lenticular papilla consisted of small spines. The vallate papillae were located on both sides of the posterolateral aspects. The vallate papillae were flattened-oval in shape and the papillae were surrounded by a semicircular trench. The top of the connective tissue core of the vallate papilla had a rough surface with no spines.View full abstractDownload PDF (2463K) -
Kazuyoshi SAKAI, Hideki IMADA, Masanori SHINZATO, Kazuhiro NISHII, Ei- ...2013 Volume 89 Issue 4 Pages 105-112
Published: 2013
Released on J-STAGE: April 25, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAfter finding tonsil-like structures near the entrance of vagina of a laboratory shrew (Suncus murinus), which we subsequently designated as vaginal tonsils, we performed detailed immunohistochemical and developmental studies. The location of T and B cells in the vaginal tonsils differed from that in the palatine tonsils or that in the lymphoid nodes of other animals. The boundary between the germinal center region and the region encompassing follicular interfollicular tissue was not clear. B cells were widely distributed and very dense in the parenchyma, but they were scattered in the epithelial area (B cells were present in around 90% of the vaginal tonsil tissue). In contrast, T cells were scattered in the parenchyma and in the epithelial area (T cells were present in around 10% of the vaginal tonsil tissue). B cells were more prominent than T cells throughout the development of these structures and the epithelium was invaded by many immigrating cells. The size of the vaginal tonsils changed during postnatal development. Vaginal tonsils are structurally similar to other tonsils, and they may function to protect the vagina from infection.View full abstractDownload PDF (4061K) -
Takashi SHIMOKAWA, Rieko KOMINAMI, Satoru YASUTAKA, Harumichi SHINOHAR ...2013 Volume 89 Issue 4 Pages 113-118
Published: 2013
Released on J-STAGE: April 25, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAxolotls (Ambystoma mexicanum) have the ability to regenerate amputated limbs throughout their life span. In the present study, we attempted to elucidate how axolotls can specify limb type correctly during the regeneration process. We misexpressed Tbx5 in regenerating hindlimb blastema, and consequently a forelimb-like hindlimb regenerated from the hindlimb blastema. On the other hand, no change was observed in Tbx5-overexpressing forelimb blastema, and thus we considered that Tbx5 plays a key role in the specification of forelimb during the regeneration process of axolotl limbs. However, axolotls’ fore- and hindlimbs have very similar structures except for the number of fingers, and it was very difficult to judge whether the forelimb-like regenerate was a true forelimb or merely a forelimb-like hindlimb. Therefore, in order to confirm our conclusion, we have to investigate other genes that are expressed differentially between fore- and hindlimbs in future experiments.View full abstractDownload PDF (3471K) -
Takashi SHIMOKAWA, Satoru YASUTAKA, Rieko KOMINAMI, Harumichi SHINOHAR ...2013 Volume 89 Issue 4 Pages 119-124
Published: 2013
Released on J-STAGE: April 25, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAxolotls (Ambystoma mexicanum) have the ability to regenerate amputated limbs throughout their life span. During limb regeneration as well as development, undifferentiated cells in the blastema acquire positional information to reproduce the original pattern along three cardinal limb axes: anteroposterior, proximodistal and dorsoventral. In the present study, we attempted to understand the molecular mechanism involved in patterning of axolotl limb development and regeneration along the dorsoventral (DV) axis. We cloned axolotl Lmx-1b and Wnt-7a, and investigated the expression pattern of these genes in developing and regenerating limbs. In axolotl, unlike in amniotes, Wnt-7a was expressed in a diffuse manner throughout both developing limb bud and regenerating limb blastema. Lmx-1b expression was observed at the dorsal mesenchyme in the developing and regenerating limbs. On the basis of the expression patterns of Lmx-1b and Wnt-7a, it was difficult to identify the interaction between these two genes as reported in amniotes in previous studies. Possibly, with regard to Lmx-1b expression, a Wnt-7a-independent mechanism may exist in axolotl limb development and regeneration.View full abstractDownload PDF (4334K) -
Tomonori ZAIZEN, Iwao SATO, Yoko MIWA, Masataka SUNOHARA, Takashi YOSU ...2013 Volume 89 Issue 4 Pages 125-130
Published: 2013
Released on J-STAGE: April 25, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe Japanese macaque is an endemic species consisting of two subspecies: Macaca fuscata fuscata (MFF) and Macaca fuscata yakui (MFY). The MFY is indigenous to Yakushima Island and represents a subspecies of MFF that lives from Honshu to Shikoku and Kyushu, Japan. However, the differences in the skulls of the MFY and MFF are unknown, despite these subspecies having different skull sizes. The maxillary sinus (MS) indicates that the features of the frontal view reflect the transversal growth of the maxilla of the skull. In this study, we show the MS structures of the MFF (n = 9, 18 sides) and MFY (n = 10, 20 sides) using a cone-beam computed tomography instrument. Base on three-dimensional (3D) reconstructed images the MS and nasal cavity were found to present almost to no significant differences between MFF and MFY. However, we designated three classifications of the sinus floor based on the 3D MS images of these Japanese macaques: a round-like shape (type a, MFF = 66.7% (12/18), MFY = 45% (9/20)), a flat-like shape (type b, MFF = 22.2% (4/18), MFY = 35% (7/20)), and an irregular shape (type c, MFF = 11.1% (2/18), MFY = 20.0% (4/20)). The sinus floor shapes of the MFF were mostly type a, while those of the MFY were mostly type b. The prevalence of a root contacting the cortical bone is higher in the canine (26.7%, (8/30)) and second premolar (20%, (6/30) of the MFY at the nasal cavity, moreover, this value is higher in the third molar (42.9%, (9/21)) of the MS in the MFY. These results suggest that the features of the floor of the MS are related to the differences in maxillary root apices teeth between MMF and MMF.View full abstractDownload PDF (1301K) -
Masataka SUNOHARA, Shigeru MORIKAWA, Akira FUSE, Iwao SATO2013 Volume 89 Issue 4 Pages 131-135
Published: 2013
Released on J-STAGE: April 25, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThrombopoietin (TPO) and its receptor, c-Mpl, play the crucial role for the development of megakaryocyte and considered to regulate megakaryocytopoiesis. Previously we reported that TPO increased the c-mpl promoter activity determined by a transient expression system using a vector containing the luciferase gene as a reporter and the expression of the c-mpl gene is modulated by transcription through a protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent pathway in the megakaryoblastic cells. In this research, to elucidate the required elements in c-mpl promoter, the promoter activity of the deletion constructs and site-directed mutagenesis were measured by a transient transfection assay system. Destruction of -77GATA in c-mpl promoter decreased the activity by 22.8%. Our study elucidated that -77GATA involved in TPO-induced c-mpl gene expression in a human megakaryoblastic cell line, CMK.View full abstractDownload PDF (988K) -
Hung-Chih HUANG, Michiko NAKATSUKA, Yasutomo IWAI2013 Volume 89 Issue 4 Pages 137-145
Published: 2013
Released on J-STAGE: April 25, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo study the inflammatory hyperalgesia induced by an acute noxious stimulation of oral mucosa with 5% formalin (5%FOR), we performed an immunohistochemical study on the expression of TNFá in the intermolar region of the dorsal lingual eminence (IDLE), and Iba1 and phosphorylated (phospho)- p38 MAPK involved with central nervous system microglial activation in the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (Vc). The present study observed significantly increased expression of TNFá at either 1h or 24h of 5%FOR nociception, as well as sustained TNFá immunoreactivity in the IDLE. On the other hand, at either 1h or 24h 5%FOR nociception, Iba1- immunoreactive (IR) cells in the Vc were significantly increased after inflammatory stimulation of the IDLE; the increase was more evident at 24h 5%FOR nociception. By using the double-label immunofluorescence technique, the findings in particular demonstrated a significant increase in the number of phospho-p38 MAPK- and Iba1-IR coexpressed cells in the Vc at 24h 5%FOR nociception. The results suggest that 24h persistent microglial activation in subnuclei zonalis and gelatinosus of the Vc is evoked by 5%FOR noxious stimulation of the IDLE oral mucosa, thereby the present study indicates that the MAPK expression plays important roles in microglial activation related with central sensitization and inflammatory hyperalgesia.View full abstractDownload PDF (2272K) -
Satoru YASUTAKA, Harumichi SHINOHARA, Rieko KOMINAMI2013 Volume 89 Issue 4 Pages 147-156
Published: 2013
Released on J-STAGE: April 25, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe three dimensional structure of the human hippocampus was studied using the gross anatomical tractography (GAT) of Klingler technique. Eight hippocampi were obtained from seven donors to the Kanazawa Medical University, fixed in 5% formaldehyde, frozen and thawed twice, then dissected both by naked eye and under a dissecting microscope.
The subiculum was segmented into 7-12 hillocks along the antero-posterior axis. The hillocks were organized with the white matter process and its gray matter covering. Cornu ammonis 3 (CA3) was represented by gray matter located in a longitudinal trough about 1 mm wide between the base of the fimbria and fiber bundles of the stratum lacunosum. CA3 was traversed and segmented by numerous short fiber fasciculi extending from the dentes of the margo denticulatus. The stratum radiatum, lacunosum and moleculare were differentially dissected. They not only contained systematically arranged neuronal fibers but also frameworks to allow passage of blood vessels. The polymorphic layer (PL) consisted of many italic L-shaped bars that were segmented, fused side-by-side and arrayed along the antero-posterior axis. The stratum granulosum (SG) lined the superior surface of PL as square plates and inferior surface of PL as thin folds. Thus, the SG was also segmented, although a little arbitrarily. CA4 was found not to be a neuronal plate, but instead comprised numerous neuronal rods that were segmentally arranged in accord with segmentation of CA3.
On the basis of these segmentations, we conclude that, structurally, the human hippocampus is an antero-posterior succession of neuronal units, each consisting of the subicular hillock, dens, CA3, granular cell plates and folds, PL bars and CA4 rods.View full abstractDownload PDF (3622K) -
Rieko KOMINAMI, Harumichi SHINOHARA, Satoru YASUTAKA, Miyuki KISHIBE2013 Volume 89 Issue 4 Pages 157-164
Published: 2013
Released on J-STAGE: April 25, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSScanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to clarify the three dimensional structure of the human hippocampus.
The polymorphic layer was L-shaped in coronal histological sections. The superior limb and lateral two thirds of the inferior limb formed a continuous plate. This plate consisted of L-shaped bars that were fused side by side with borders that were, although incompletely, demarcated by the stratum granulosum. The medial one third of the inferior limb was independent part of these L-shaped bars and took part in formation of the dentes. There were 40 to 50 dentes, and each had segmental blood vessels. Thus, the polymorphic layer was organized on a segmental plan, 40- 50 in number, arrayed along the antero-posterior axis.
CA4 was surrounded by the L-shaped polymorphic layer and also had the superior and inferior crura. The medial end of the inferior crus was enveloped by the medial one third of the polymorphic tissue and was completely independent from its neighbors. Therefore, CA4, too, may be segmentally constructed following the same plan as the bars of the polymorphic layer. These observations suggest that, first, three major components of the hippocampus, the stratum granulosum, polymorphic layer, and CA4, are constructed based on the same lamellar unit in the dentate gyrus, and, second, the individual lamellae appear as distinct bars in the medial one third, but form a plate in the lateral two thirds of these structures.
There were 7 to 12 pyramidal hillocks, organized of the central process and its covering, in the subiculum. Pyramidal cells showed clear polarity in the hillock; the cell apex oriented to the central process and the base to the periphery. The axon emitted from the cell base and formed the alveus. Pyramidal hillocks caused slight waves of the stratum pyramidale on the lateral border of the hippocampus but did not affect the superior surface.
Functional aspects of the segmental arrangement of neuronal units along the antero-posterior axis and their medio-lateral diversity were discussed in terms of the three-synapse pathway in the hippocampus.View full abstractDownload PDF (5255K)
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