The localization of ATPase and g lycogen in the “Chiai” muscle in comparison with those of the lateral one was studied in relation to the distribution pattern of mitochondria.
In the “Chiai” muscle, AT P ase activity appears exclusively in the sarcoplasm rather than in the myofibrils at pH 8.25. The activity is intensive, but of varying grades according to the length of in cubation period. Its localization is in complete accordance with the site of mitochondria in the sarcoplasmic mantle as well as in the intercolumnar sarcoplasm. The junior author's columnosomes presented particularly much increased ATPase activity.
The “Chiai” muscle contains a large amount of glycogen as energy source in the sarcoplasm. On the basis of this, energetics in the “Chiai” muscle was discussed in relation to ATPase activity and it led us to a conclusion that this muscle contains a large amount of energy which serves for durable action such as tension of the body sides of fish and for contractile action such as body movement in swimming. To support this last point, recent electrophysiological results related are discussed in this report.

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A comparative histochemical study was carried out on the mito chondria of liver and kidney cortex and isolated mitochondria. Isolated mitochondria showed swelling or deformity different from those in situ, but the staining characteristics did not change by the isolation procedure. Both types of mitochondria were stained with iron hematoxylin, but not with Sudan III. Both contained a substance positive to the periodic acid S c h i f f reaction and negative to salivary reaction and a substance which was stained with toluidin blue and methyl green-pyronin but not with Feulgen reaction.

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1. A unique mode of apo c rine secretion was observed in the epithelial cells of gallbladders from Japanese turtles (Clemmys japonica). Additionally, the histochemical quality of the secretory material was partially elucidated.
2. The cycle of s e cretion representing the mode is for convenience divided into four stages; of restitution, accumulation, extrusion and cessation.
3. In the f irst stage, secretory granules appear in the epithelial cytoplasm. They are morphologically classified into two types; clear granules with a figure of fine droplets and tiny spheres, and PASreactive granules of different sizes. The former develops in close association with the nucleus and mitochondria in the cytoplasm. The latter appears obviously in the Golg i apparatus of the cells. The distal extremity of the epithelial cells is provided with a narrow, homogenous strip. The two types of secretory granules migrate towards the distal end of the cells, reach this strip and mostly undergo maturation therein to turn into a lucid secretion.
4. In the second stage, these secretions pass t h rough the strip and swell out, with the surface membrane covering them, into the lumen. Consequently, they present first a cap-like and then a vaultlike protrusion, and finally a secretory projection resembling in shape a club. The cross section of the secretory projection constantly reveals, regardless of the levels of sectioning, a figure perfectly identical with that of the cross section of the cell body.
5. In the third stage, the secretory projection is constricted at the base, amputated at the site of constriction and then liberated as a secretory vesicle into the gallbladder cavity. Finally, the vesicle ruptures to effuse its inclusions into the surrounding media, thus becoming an amorphous secretion in the cavity.
6. Following the disconnection of the secre t o ry projection, the free surface of the cells regains its flatness. Usually secretory activity pauses in the cytoplasm (The final stage).
7. In the cytoplasm of the final stage, the renewal of secretory granule development begins as an initial process of the succeeding cycle of secretion.8. T h e unique mode of apocrine secretion observed here, is singular in both morphology of secretory projection and mechanism of secretion, as the following illustration indicates.9. No trustworthy speculation can be m ade of the histochemical quality of clear granules. PAS-reactive granules are believed to consist of neutral mucopolysaccharide and muco- or glycoproteins or either of the two groups, and probably of a certain type of acid mucopolysaccharide. Finally, mature, lucid secretion can not in detail be analyzed.

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Thirty-six healthy mature mice of both sexes were castrated bilaterally. Thereafter they were injected on alternate days with 10 mg each of vitamin E (“Juvela” prepared by Eisai Co. ) for 10to 60 days. Pituitaries obtained at various intervals were histologically examined and the results were as follows:
With progress of the experiment, acidophiles s lightly increased in number accompanied by slight degranulation. Acidophiles with a conspicuous Golgi image, perinuclear halo and basophilic filamentous material RNA in nature were more frequently found than in the normal controls.
Delta cells showed a slight increase in number. These cells mainly showed a degranulation and reacted feebly with PAS reagent and with anilin blue of azan stain.
Theta cells rapidly decreased and disappeared with progress of the experiment.
Beta cells and chromophobe cells did not show any appreciable change throughout this experimental period.
The present data were generally s imilar to those of castrated control animals. From these observations, it was concluded that vitamin E administration does not alter significantly the castration changes in the mouse anterior pituitary.
I wish to express my thanks to Prof. Dr. K. Yamada for his guidance and criticism throughout the course of this study.

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Fifty-nine immature mice of both sexes were injected on alternate days with vitamin E (“Juvela” prepared by Eisai Co. ) from 10 days of age onward. These mice were sacrificed at various stages from 20 to 80 days of age. Pituitaries obtained were histologically examined and results were as follows:
1. Delta and theta cells indicated an ear l i er development in histogenesis than in the normal controls.
2. Beta cells also developed s o mewhat earlier than in the normal controls, though less in degree than in delta and theta cells.
3. Acidophiles and chromophobes did not show a n y marked change.
4. From 60 days of age onward, however, many pituitaries of the experimental animals showed a normal appearance in cytological detail.
I wish to express my gratitude to Prof. Dr. K. Yamada for his helpful suggestions in this work.

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The anterior pituitary of the turtle, Clemtnys japonica is mainly composed of a network of anastomosing and branching cell cords and between these cell cords there are distributed complicated anastomosing capillary nets with little connective tissue.
Two types of acidophile cells were found; orang e ophile cells and carminophile cells. The former were observed in the dorsal region of the anterior lobe adjacent to the intermediate lobe, and fully contained coarse carminophilic granules in the cytoplasm. The latter is located in the peripheral region of the anterior lobe and possessed fine orangeophilic granules in variable numbers. Basophi le cells were mainly distributed in the central area of the anterior lobe.Although two varieties of basophiles (sky blue cells and lavender cells) were observed, it is at present obscure whether s ky blue basophiles and lavender basophiles represent differentiated cell types or different functional stages of a single cell type. Both of these showed a positive reaction with PAS reagent and aldehyde-fuchsin. Basophiles with hyaline vacuoles in the cytoplasm were frequently encountered.
A hitherto undescribed cell was found. The authors named it “amphophile droplet” cell. These cells contained large, droplet-like, acidophilic (carmin red) and basophilic (sky blue) granules in the cytoplasm. These cells were distributed throughout the anterior lobe. Occurrence of amphophile droplet cells varied considerably from individual to individual. These cells were abundantly found in female pituitaries, while in males they were found in small numbers or not all.
Many follicular structures were observed throughout the anteriorlobe. Each follicle was composed of orangeophile, carminophile and amphophile droplet cells. These cells were arranged in a circle and built up the follicular wall. There were observed a colloidal substance and large acidophilic drops in the follicular cavity. The basement membrane which surrounds completely each follicle was not found and no terminal bar was observed.

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Forty-eight young mature mice of both sexes were injected with 5 or 20 mg of vitamin E (“Juvela” prepared by Eisai Co., Ltd. )from 60 days of age. They were sacrificed at various intervals for periods of 1 to 20 days and their pituitaries were histologically examined.
1) Acidophiles did not differ in occurrence from the normal controls. But in some cases large acidophiles are somewhat more numerously encountered at a late stage and they contained commonly a negative image of Golgis apparatus, perinuclear halo and cytoplasmic basophilic substance.
2) Delta cellsd id not differ in occurrence from the normal. They were commonly well granulated, but in some cases of a late stage, heavily granulated delta cells are somewhat more frequently found than in the normal controls.
3) Beta, theta and chro m ophobe cells did not differ in number and cytological detail from the normal.
4) These data indicate that vitamin E administration does not produce a marked influence on the anterior pituitary histology of young mature mice.

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Forty-four mice of both s e xes were injected daily with vitamin E (“Juvela” prepared by Eisai Co., Ltd. ) for periods of 1 to 20 days. Of these, twenty-three animals received this treatment from about 200 days of age onward (the younger group) and the other mice from about 300 days of age (the older group). At adequate intervals during this period pituitaries were histologically examined. Results obtained were as follows:
1. Acidophile cells we r e generally similar in number and cytological appearance to those of the normal controls, although in some cases lightly granulated cells and large sized cells were more frequently observed.
2. D elta cells did not generally differ in number and cytological detail in the younger group animals, but in some of the older group mice, delta cells were somewhat more numerously found than in the normalcontrols.
3. Beta, theta and chromophobe cells did not show any appreciable change.
4. These results indicate that vitamin E administration has no marked effect on the pituitaries of mice in advanced age.
The author would li1e to thank Prof. Er. K. Yamada and Assis. Prof. Dr. M. Sano for their encouragement and advice during the preparation of this paper.

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Histological changes in th e anterior pituitary of the mouse following salivary gland hormone administration were examined. Fortyeight mature mice were injected daily with 0.005 or 0.45 mg of Parotin for 3 to 30 days. Parotin-administration did not induce constant histological changes in all anterior pituitaries examined. In many cases, however, the following changes were observed.
1. Acidophiles showed slight degranulation and enlargement of the cytoplasm, although the occurrence of acidophiles did not vary from that in the normal controls.
2. At the final stage, beta cells sometimes showed vacuolation of cytoplasm and condensation of cytoplasmic granules both in the 0.005 mg per day and 0.45 mg per day groups.
3. Delta, theta and chromophobe cells did not show any appreciable changes in number and cytological details.
The author wishes to express his deep g ratitude to Prof. Dr. K. Yamada for invaluable encouragement and guidance and to Assis. Prof. Dr. M. Sano for kind advice and constant help during the course of this study.

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Histological investigations of prenatal and postnatal development of the ovary of hamsters elucidated the following: Development is divisible into three stages: 1. The indifferentiation stage (approximately 6 to 11 mm CRL,10 to 12 days of gestation): Where the primordium indicates no sex, appears as a few-layered thickening of the celomic epitheliumgerminal epithelium containing primordial germ cellson the ventromedial surface of the mesonephros, which soon proliferates actively into cell conglomerates to fill the entire extent of the primordium.2. The preparatory differentiation stage subdivisible into two parts: In the first part the cell conglomerates develop into cords in the deep zone of the primordiummedullary cords in 14 mm (13 days) and in the superficial zone cortical cords in about 21 mm (14 days). Thus, the primordium is identifiable as the female sex at 14 days. In the second part (approximately 28-32 mm,15-16 days) the cords are seen separating into egg clusters which further divide into smaller ones. During these stages, the primordial germ cellsoogoniain the germinal epithelium increase by mitosis and are added in order to the cell conglomerates, medullary and cortical cords and their clusters, but at almost the same time degeneration begins to occur and continues until later.
3. The definitive differentiation stage (from immedia t ely after birth to adult): This stage contain many important changes leading to the final development of the ovary. Oogonia change to oocytes passing through the beginning stages of meiosis. The oocytes enter a stage of rest after the diplotene stage and grow with the formation of follicles. The proliferation of the germinal epithelium is now ceasing with the formation of the tunica albuginea and remains as small invaginations which contain no mitotic figures of oogonia after 4 days nor meiotic figures of oocytes after 10 days.

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Histological investigation of the thyroid glands of rats treated with methylthiouracil, when compared with those of normal untreated. rats, elucidated the following: The treatment induces hyp e rplasia of the thyroid glands consisting of abnormally increased mitotic division and heightening of follicle cells, follicle multiplication, widespread occurrence of irregular change of follicles, loss of colloid and abnormal engorgement of capillaries. Large follicles found in the peripheral zone of the gland become very irregular in shape, the so-called “Zentralkanalchen” -like or collecting duct-like structure, and have a number of outpockets and nipple-like projections of the follicle wall. This structure does not connect further with many of the surrounding follicles through communication of the cavities. Solid and hollow b u dding processes by which new follicles are produced, are sometimes found in these irregular-sheped large follicles. New follicles are not produced by fusion or division of irregularshaped follicles or rearrangement of follicle cell broken up. Proliferative buds (Proliferationsknospe) or S an de r s o n's swellings. (S and e r so n's P o 1 s t e r), which represent a special site for for mation of new follicles, are also not produced by the treatment. Mitotic division occurs frequently, especially in irre g ular-shaped large follicles. Int r afollicular follicles are very rarely found in rats treated. Following treatment with methylthiouracil, follicle as s ociation, in which follicles are found to connect with each other without communication of their cavities in normal rats, is reduced as a result of dissociation by ingrowth of abundant interstitial tissue and increased engorgement of surrounding capillaries, but does not completely disappear. Parafollic u lar cells are impossible to find and become probably indistinguishable from follicle cells following methylthiouracil freatment. The ultimobranchial body, especially its cysts and cell cords, indicate no characteristic change leading to production of new follicles and remain unaffected by methylthiouracil treatment. No sex difference is found in the histolog i cal change of the thyroid gland by the treatment.

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