Dental caries is so widely spread and inflicting lifelong sufference upon so many people in the world that WHO is recommending to sanitary authorities concerned to take preventive measures against the disease by fluoridation of drinking water. Although the recommended method is accepted as an effective prophylaxis, the determination of the optimal dosis for fluoridation is very difficult problem.
 Since 1966, we have been conducting the field researches in Thailand, Taiwan and South India, and we have suggested that, with the increasing of annual mean temperature, dental fluorosis is appear at lower fluorine concentration of drink water, and also the limit of safety permissible range of fluorine content becomes narrower.
 This time, in Indonesia, we have examined the incidence of dental fluorosis of some school children and determined the fluorine content of water taken daily by those children. As the result, we find out that the dental fluorosis in this country was appearing at very low fluorine content of drink water. Especially at Bantal area, East Java, severe dental fluorosis was observed, that is, the incidence of mottled teeth is 100%, fluorine content of drink water is 2.4 ppm, and community fluorosis index is 3.4.
 When we consider the above findings and the precision that we can guarantee at present for fluoridation to water works, and also the individual variation in water consumption by race or place, the possibility of dental fluorosis occuring would be great in fluoridation in areas where the annual mean temperature exceeds 70°F. So, at least, it is required more careful consideration to determine the optimum dose of fluoridation in tropical area.

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 When I visited Mandalay in October of 1968, I have unexpectedly obtained a Burmese manuscript called parabaik. The MS. is made of fairly thick paper about 40cm in length and 15cm broad. Text in Burmese characters is written with white ink on both sides of a double fold paper in black color.
 The contents of the text are four forms of oath for Trial by Ordeal and their records. Though the MS. states that all the ordeals were carried either in 18th or first half of the 19th century, the MS. itself is not original document, because it has a date of copy in the year 1238 of Burmese era, namely 1876AD.
 There were, according to the description of the MS., four kinds of trial by ordeal in Burma during Konbaung dynasty. The first of them is the ordeal by Lead, the second by Water, the third of Rice, and the fourth by Fire. In the ordeal by lead, the accuser and the accused wrapped their forefingers of right hand with split bamboo, and thrust them in molten lead weighed 333.3 kyats heavy. One who injured his forefinger was regarded guilty, and the other innocent. In the ordeal by water, two poles, one for upstream and another downstream, were erected in deep water. The litigants faced each other were pressed down simultaneously in the water with bamboo pole putting on their shoulders by gaoler. One who raised his head earlier was decided to be guilty. In the ordeal of rice, the two parties took five kyats of broken rice each through a leaf funnel in their mouths, chew and swallowed. One who exhaused rice earlier was credited, and another lost the case. In the ordeal by fire, the litigants hold two candles, made of nine threads in nine fathoms length and three kyats weight of waxes, and lit at the same instance. One whose candle expired earlier was regarded to be guilty.
 Four features can be pointed out concerning the Trial by Ordeal in Konbaung dynasty : (1) the trial was always carried out at the fixed place such as the precinct of certain Pagoda. (2) both of the accuser and the accused made religious offerings to the Nats and performed certain ceremonials in obedience to the precedent. (3) two parties sweared that they never use any amulet nor charm at all for preventing evil and obtaining good. (4) a senior officer read aloud the written pledges of the litigants three times, made them round and put into necks of two parties.

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 Northeast Thailand has two types of rice lands, one on an upland plain and the other on upland hills. The former has an extensive distribution between the Chi and the Mun rivers, whereas the latter forms rice land patches of much smaller scale in the marginal zones of Northeast Thailand, as shown in Fig. 1. This paper concerns the latter type of rice lands.
 Each rice land in upland hill regions has twofold structure, which comprises rice fields on valley bottom and those on valley slopes as illustrated in Figs 2 and 3.
 Rice fields on valley bottom are flat and open, and usually treeless. These are long-established, well irrigated, fertile (average yields is ca 30 tang/rai) and stable fields. Rice fields on valley slope, on the other hand, are gradient, wooded and of very recent opening, non-irrigated, less-fertile (average yield is 10-20 tang/rai) and unstable.
 A very rapid expansion and invasion of rice-growing plots into forest areas has resulted in unregistered rice fields on valley slopes, in these some ten years. An example is shown in Photo 1, which shows a notice board reading "forest reservation" in a plot where rice is grown. Regarding this fact, "rice-growing plots in upland hills regions" could be categorized into three; i.e. irrigated rice fields on valley bottom, and rain-fed rice fields and "rice producing forests" both on valley slope, in which the acreage of the last seems to be too great to be neglected.
 The structural pattern of rice land mentioned above is not particular characteristic to the upland hills of Northeast Thailand, but it is applicable to the most of the marginal zones of the Central Plain of Thailand as well. If this is the case, 40% of total rice land of Thailand should be accompanied with the "rice producing forest" and this disguised rice fields should constitute enormous addition to the explicit figures of rice field appeared on statistics.

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