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Volume 45, Issue 4
Displaying 1-7 of 7 articles from this issue
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Articles
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The Lunisolar System and Historical ChangeTadataka Igarashi2008 Volume 45 Issue 4 Pages 497-538
Published: March 31, 2008
Released on J-STAGE: October 31, 2017
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe Balinese have two ways of reckoning time: the lunisolar system and the system of pawukon, or a combination of seven-day weeks, five-day weeks, and seven-day week names, with a cycle of 210 days. This report deals with the former, the latter being out of its scope. The lunisolar system is described and explained, especially the estimation of new-moon and full-moon days by means of unalatri, “omitting a day,” and the fitting of the lunar year by nampih sasih, “doubling a month,” to keep it in phase with the solar year, the basis of the climate and seasons. Calculation is done by a number of simple formulas, or calendrical rules, without the actual sighting of heavenly bodies. Attention is also given to recent changes in calendrical rules. Disputes and conflicts arose due to different groups of calendar compilers and adjudicators adhering to different opinions. Two important methods for calculation were employed: one is the estimation of new-moon and full-moon days based on modern astronomy, and the other is the Metonic cycle, probably borrowed from the West. These two innovations allow the Balinese calendrical system to work with tolerable accuracy. Thus we may say that the current Balinese calendar applying the innovated system is “modern” as opposed to “traditional.” This results in occasional discrepancy between the “modern” calendar and the natural calendar which is fully used even today by farmers and fishermen based on their own observation of heavenly bodies.View full abstractDownload PDF (34332K) -
A Case Analysis of the Reactions of Villagers to Development and “Equality”Hisashi Ogawa2008 Volume 45 Issue 4 Pages 539-558
Published: March 31, 2008
Released on J-STAGE: October 31, 2017
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis article describes the present aspects of Islamic resurgence in the village setting of southern Thailand through the consideration of social change. Though Muslims are a religious minority in Thailand, Islamic resurgent movement has been permeating the country since the early 1980s. The movement started with a visit of one Islamic missionary organization, called Tablighi Jama'at, to one Muslim fishing village in Phang Nga province, southern Thailand, where this research was done. Islamic resurgent movement has contributed to the dissemination of Islamic norms and of the necessity of its practicing among the villagers, but fisheries and tourism development programs and the decentralization of authority have also been seen. The latter have promoted the expansion of economical, political, and religious disparities among the villagers. In this complicated situation, the villagers have tried to control social change by employing “equality” as one principle of Islam. In the villagers' discourse, expanding disparities among the villagers are interpreted by applying the principle of “equality”, which could justify, criticize, or hide the disparities. Such villagers' reactions to “equality” can be seen as an attempt to bridge the disparities between Islamic norms and social realities.View full abstractDownload PDF (16217K) -
Cécile Barnaud, Guy Trébuil, Pongchai Dumrongrojwatthana, Jérôm ...2008 Volume 45 Issue 4 Pages 559-585
Published: March 31, 2008
Released on J-STAGE: October 31, 2017
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEthnic minorities living in the highlands of northern Thailand have long been accused of degrading the upper watersheds of the country's major basins. In the nineties, the Thai government reinforced his environmental policies and further restricted their access to farm and forest resources. In the meanwhile, the policy framework also favoured decentralization and public participation. This contradiction resulted in an increasing number of conflicts over land-use between local communities and state agencies. This situation underlines the need for adapted participatory methodologies to facilitate the coordination of multiple stakeholders with competing interests. Companion Modelling (ComMod) is one of them. When drawing the lessons from many past participatory projects, several authors highlight their limited impact due to the lack of support at higher institutional levels. Moreover, because of a lack of attention to the local socio-political situations, the less powerful stakeholders were often left behind. This article discusses the usefulness of an area diagnostic study prior to the launch of a ComMod process to avoid such pitfalls and to facilitate genuine communication among stakeholders within and across institutional levels. The article is illustrated by a ComMod experiment conducted in Nan province and is focusing on a conflict between two Yao communities and a recently established national park. We argue that a relatively short but well-structured initial agrarian and institutional analysis to assess the various stakeholders' characteristics, perceptions of the issue to be solved, and interactions is useful to identify the constraints to an equitable outcome of a subsequent participatory process. Such an area diagnosis can also be used to tailor the ComMod process in order to mitigate these constraints. Moreover, an understanding of the initial resource management situation is necessary to be able to monitor changes and to assess the effects of the participatory process.View full abstractDownload PDF (20800K) -
The Case of Pgaz K'Nyau Villages in Mae Lan Kham River BasinPrasert Trakansuphakorn2008 Volume 45 Issue 4 Pages 586-614
Published: March 31, 2008
Released on J-STAGE: October 31, 2017
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis paper is based on an insiders' view of the ecological movement in Northern Thailand as carried out by Sgaw Karen (Pgaz K'Nyau) people whose knowledge was accumulated in the form of cultural capital including oral traditions such as legends, storytelling, hta (traditional songs or poems), and rituals. Through the movement, in which each of these repositories of knowledge were put into practice, the Pgaz K'Nyau image as conservationists was shaped and reinforced. Leaders of the Pgaz K'Nyau movement used their ecological knowledge, which was reinterpreted to represent Pgaz K'Nyau as children of the forest. Such images were the result of converting knowledge into symbolic power to create a space of resistance, which served as an instrument to contest the hegemonic discourse imposed by the state forestry agencies. A shift in Pgaz K'Nyau identity occurred through the process of inserting their relatively little-known cultural image into the political context of rights framed by the newly promulgated (1997) Constitution.1) This paper focuses on the use of hta in the eco-political conflict in the Mae Lan Kham river basin, Sameong District, Chiang Mai Province.View full abstractDownload PDF (23783K) -
Formation and OrientationJafar Suryomenggolo2008 Volume 45 Issue 4 Pages 615-630
Published: March 31, 2008
Released on J-STAGE: October 31, 2017
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis essay describes the formation of Serikat Buruh Kereta Api (Railway Workers Union, SBKA) and its early orientation during the Indonesian revolution period of 1945-1950. SBKA originated from workers committees formed by groups of labour with nationalistic enthusiasm in order to secure the take-over process for independence. Later this committee was transformed into a union in response to government policies. Based on this description, this essay shows how the formation of unions at that period was primarily shaped by nationalism and was in dialectic interaction with the new Indonesian state, but had few direct references to its historical legacy from unionism of the colonial period.View full abstractDownload PDF (13126K)
Book Reviews
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Fujio Hara2008 Volume 45 Issue 4 Pages 631-634
Published: March 31, 2008
Released on J-STAGE: October 31, 2017
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (5562K) -
Eric Tagliacozzo2008 Volume 45 Issue 4 Pages 634-635
Published: March 31, 2008
Released on J-STAGE: October 31, 2017
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (5562K)
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