This paper explores the reasons behind Bangkok's rapid growth in the 1960s, concentrating on two particular influences: the Vietnam War and its related developments, and the first significant upsurge in tourism. It is suggested that US military involvement in the Vietnam War had a significant impact on the development of Bangkok's service and construction industries. Particularly important was a major burst of construction activity in the 1960s: new suburbs developed and hotels and other commercial building sprang up. The financial, commercial and tourist industries experienced rapid growth, and construction followed in their wake. The presence of the US military in Vietnam indirectly induced an influx of foreign direct investment boosting the growth of industry in Bangkok. Tourism added to the expansion of services and construction. Among the reasons for the increase in tourism were the stable political atmosphere and the development of Bangkok as a crossroads of international air transportation. The hotel industry and retail industry both expanded rapidly due to tourist demand.

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This paper examines the transmission of colonial knowledge about the Malay world from the British to the Malays in pre-war colonial Malaya. For this purpose, I make a textual analysis of school textbooks on Malay history and geography that were used in Malay schools and teacher training colleges in British Malaya. British and Malay writers of these textbooks not only shared a “scientific” or positivist approach, but also constituted similar views of the Malay world. First, their conceptions of community understood Malay as a bangsa or race and acknowledged the hybridity of the Malays. Second, their conceptions of space embraced the idea of territorial boundaries, understanding Malay territoriality to exist at three levels-the Malay states, Malaya and the Malay world, with Malaya as the focal point. Third, in conceptualizing time, the authors divided Malay history into distinctive periods using a scale of progress and civilization. This transmission of colonial knowledge about the Malay world began the localization of the British concept of Malayness, paving the way for the identification of Malay as a potential nation.

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This paper considers, firstly, changes in shifting cultivation practices after village reestablishment, placing special emphasis on tenure and land use systems. Secondly, this paper clarifies how self-sufficiency in rice is attained through the system of shifting cultivation in view of risk avoidance and mutual aid systems. Finally, I discuss possible changes in the self-sufficient rice production system in the region brought about by the new forest policy restricting shifting cultivation, in view of the gap between permitted and needed areas of shifting cultivation and the discrepancy between traditional perception and official boundary in land use patterns.
 Rebels invaded village A between 1969 and 1972,and all the villagers took refuge in nearby towns. When the peace and order condition improved, some villagers returned and reestablished their village. In the process of reestablishment, the land tenure system became more communal because some land owners didn't return. Since the late 1980s, roads and general stores have been constructed, and they have reinforced the impact of the market economy on Salain Chin. For instance, fruit growing was introduced, and new hamlets were constructed in places closer to the market, making the transport and selling of fruits more efficient. However, residents of Hamlet D with the worst access to the market persisted in cultivating rice for self-sufficiency. The residents prefer to avoid risks of decreasing harvests from wild boar attacks and unstable weather by planting various species of rice in the hamlet. Furthermore, the mutual aid system still exists. For instance, apuuyeei, a custom of lending rice to households suffering from its lack, plays an important role in maintaining self-sufficiency of rice for all lineage members.
 Influences of the market economy and other external factors continue to change the traditional system of risk avoidance and self-sufficiency employed by residents of Hamlet D. For instance, villagers introduced partial rice sufficiency with cash in recent years. Furthermore, customary boundaries stretch over the Magwe division and Rakhine state—Hamlet D and four other hamlets are located in Rakhine state—but the regional forest office has forced five hamlets to leave Rakhine state and to pay shifting cultivation fees since 1997. This paper shows that villagers face a difficult situation in attaining self-sufficiency through the system of shifting cultivation.

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This paper examines the growth of a sushi culture in Singapore from historical, sociological, and comparative perspectives. Through a case study of sushi in Singapore, it aims to deepen our understanding of the mechanism of global popularization of Japanese popular culture and the interplay of popularization and localization in an Asian context. It consists of four parts. Part I discusses the history of sushi and the reasons for its popularity in Singapore. Part II examines the making of the sushi culture and industry in Singapore. Part III looks into different aspects of localization and their implications. Part IV identifies the characteristics of the sushi culture in Singapore and locates sushi within the context of globalization of Japanese popular culture.
 This study shows that in the globalization of Japanese popular culture, Japanization and localization should be seen as two sides of the same coin. In the context of sushi in Singapore, eating sushi is a form of Japanization of Singaporean food culture. Critics are, however, too fast to point this out as a form of cultural imperialism or colonialism, overlooking the fact that we are consuming Singaporean sushi and not Japanese sushi. Sushi is re-made and consumed in Singapore. Hence, culturally, the acceptance of sushi in Singapore and overseas should be viewed as the result of culinary hybridization, cultural interchange, and an interplay of Japanization and localization.

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