Japanese Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
Online ISSN : 2424-1377
Print ISSN : 0563-8682
ISSN-L : 0563-8682
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Volume 50, Issue 1
Displaying 1-9 of 9 articles from this issue
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Articles
  • Rethinking the Tai Muong Structure Model:
    A View from a Valley Society of Muong Lo, Vietnam in the 18th and the Early 19th Century
    Masashi Okada
    2012 Volume 50 Issue 1 Pages 3-38
    Published: July 31, 2012
    Released on J-STAGE: October 31, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20495/tak.50.1_3
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    Tai muong (muang) societies in the valleys of Northwestern Vietnam provided sources of information which allowed Southeast Asian scholars such as Georges Condominas to establish models of the traditional political system in Mainland Southeast Asia. However, the muong model in their work only reflects the situation of societies in the colonial and post-colonial era. This article focuses on the case of Mường Lò valley, which Black Tai people believe to be the first land reclaimed by their ancestors. It also re-examines how the muong structure was historically formed in the context of dynamic changes in the Sino-Southeast Asian macro-region since the 18th century, such as mass migration from China, booming inland trade and expanding lowland powers especially the Nguyễn dynasty. The examination of documents in Han Nom (including địa bạ triều Nguyễn, land registers of the Nguyễn dynasty) and in old Tai shows that Mường Lò valley originally had dual centers and the structure with a center-periphery hierarchy which Condominas called systèmes à emboîtement did not emerge until the early 19th century. It is arguable that adoption to the changes led to political cohesion in Mường Lò valley.
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  • Engaging the Future:
    From Narratives of the Founder of the First Health Cooperative in the Philippines
    Waka Aoyama
    2012 Volume 50 Issue 1 Pages 39-71
    Published: July 31, 2012
    Released on J-STAGE: October 31, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20495/tak.50.1_39
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    “Engaging the future” in the present paper refers to a course of action taken by individuals orgroups of people who prefer not to neglect but rather tackle social issues that Filipino people presently face. They analyze problems from unique perspectives and attempt to createalternative social institutions to cope with them towards the potential “future” they believe the Philippines has been deprived of in the course of colonization and globalization. To present anexample of such Filipinos, we focus on the founder of the first Health cooperative in the Philippines. Specifically, we read his narratives about his loyalty to the “community” he belongs to. This research intends to make three contributions. Theoretically, it offers an alternative perspective to study individuals and organizations whose natures are not particularly political but who contribute to social reforms in the process of re-democratization after 1986 in the Philippines as a “weak” state. Methodologically, it provides the potential to analyze narratives (autobiographies)of individuals by applying the concepts of Exit, Voice and Loyalty by Albert O. Hirschman. Ethnographically, it details the agency of a Filipino surgeon who dreams about and works for the future where in Filipinos will retrieve their “lost” autonomy through their cooperative movement.
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  • The Inflow of Foreign Cheap Products and Local Manufacturing in the Philippines:
    Case of the Footwear Manufacturing Industry
    Shingo Fukuda
    2012 Volume 50 Issue 1 Pages 72-108
    Published: July 31, 2012
    Released on J-STAGE: October 31, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20495/tak.50.1_72
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    This paper analyzes the production strategies of local footwear manufacturers in the Philippines against the inflow of foreign cheap products into the local market since mid-1990s using macro and micro fieldwork data. Most previous research has insisted that the reason why Philippine footwear manufacturing has been declining since the beginning of WTO is mainly due to their low-tech production. This is partly correct when considering the lower class market but incorrect when applying an analysis to the middle class market. At the level of the middle class market, many local manufacturers are still operating in spite of an increase of the inflow of cheap foreign products. Analysis shows that their production strategies are determined by the scale of production. Smaller manufacturers tend to continue with manual production and less investment so that they can maximize their profits. On one hand, they take strategies that minimize their risks in footwear manufacturing but they are also likely to diversify into other businesses. On the other, bigger manufacturers donʼt stop to compete with foreign cheap products, which shows that they are willing to invest in machinery and use outsourcing to strengthen their competitiveness. This paper shows that instead of diversification, they tend to concentrate on footwear manufacturing in order to build good relationships with good buyers and some achieve vertical integration with retail businesses.
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  • “Americanization” in the Cordillera Mountain Societies of the Philippines and the Igorot Collaboration Issue with Japan
    Takamichi Serizawa
    2012 Volume 50 Issue 1 Pages 109-139
    Published: July 31, 2012
    Released on J-STAGE: October 31, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20495/tak.50.1_109
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    The issue of Filipino political collaboration under Japanese occupation (1941-45) has evoked several controversies within Filipino and American scholarship. The former has dwelt on the issue of patriotism while the latter has focused on the wartime resilience of the oligarchic elite. This paper rethinks those issues with a particular focus on “Americanization” in the Cordillera Mountain Societies of Northern Luzon. The indigenous residents in that area were generally called (and officially termed) “Igorot” during the American colonial period. Under the name of “benevolent assimilation,” Igorot intellectuals collaborated with Americans and their lowlander counterparts in order to modernize their societies, which ultimately led to further discrimination as well as exploitation by their “developed” patrons.
     During the Japanese Occupation, a group of the Mitsui Mining Company was able to mobilize Filipino workers and conduct copper mining at Mankayan located in the southwestern part of the Mountains. As revealed in Mitsuiʼs memoirs edited in 1974, the group’s operations could not be handled without depending on the former colonial relationships at the mining sites. The Japanese friendship narrative with the Filipinos was also the product of ethnic tension between lowlander and Igorot created by American colonial policy. On the other hand, local accounts showed that the reason behind Igorot intellectuals’ collaboration with Japan as well as resistance to it was the desire to modernize, a pattern first found during the American colonial period. In conclusion, I show the contradictions of “Americanization” in Igorot societies, which led to both emancipation and repression during the Japanese Occupation.
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