Japanese Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
Online ISSN : 2424-1377
Print ISSN : 0563-8682
ISSN-L : 0563-8682
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Volume 45, Issue 2
Displaying 1-8 of 8 articles from this issue
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Articles
  • The Emergence of Village Meetings and the Introduction of Village Assemblies in Early Twentieth Century Colonial Indonesia
    Kosuke Mizuno
    2007 Volume 45 Issue 2 Pages 161-183
    Published: September 30, 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: October 31, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20495/tak.45.2_161
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    Although almost no stipulation was made by Indonesia's Acts on Local Administration, village meetings played an important role in creating consensus among villagers during the Soekarno era and after the step-down of President Soeharto before the decentralization policy was implemented. This paper traces the origins and characteristics of village meetings and the attempt to introduce village assemblies using colonial Residents' reports on the Village Autonomy survey conducted in 1926-28 in Java and Madoera. The village meeting was firstly stipulated by the Village Ordinance of 1906, but meetings were seldom held until the 1910s in Central and East Java. In 1926, in almost all villages surveyed, meetings were held by village heads to consult on important issues with villagers who had the right to choose the village head. Yearly and monthly meetings as well as hamlet meetings were held in many areas. Participants were mainly those villagers who owned agricultural lands and were obliged to perform compulsory herendienst service. Although some widows had the right to attend, they exercised their rights only to choose the village head. Consensus was reached through unanimous agreement without voting. Attempts to introduce village assemblies failed because of conflicts between the assembly and village heads. Similar conflicts appeared in 2002-4 after the introduction of village assemblies designed to check the performance of village administration.
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  • The Formation of Enclosed-type Dykes in the Red River Plain
    Masanari Nishimura
    2007 Volume 45 Issue 2 Pages 184-210
    Published: September 30, 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: October 31, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20495/tak.45.2_184
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    The present Red River plain in northern Vietnam is a dense distribution area of the enclosed-type dyke system, in which several settlements are surrounded by dykes within a limited area. This type of dyke is similar to Japan's Waju (輪中) dyke but often on a larger scale. Vietnamese historical documents record the construction of unenclosed horse hoof-shaped dykes after the tenth century in this area, and enclosed-type dykes were already present in the nineteenth century.
     This study considers the early formation of enclosed-type dykes. Archeological research in Bach Coc, Nam Dinh, and several other locations in Hanoi, Bac Ninh, and Hai Duong has confirmed several common features of settlement formation around the seventeenth century. First, settlements inside the dykes were expanded in space and heightened in altitude through the heaping of soil, which was frequently observed in the lower area inside the dyke. Second, settlements outside the dykes were also heightened by heaping soil or flooding deposits, and some settlements on the dyke lines or outside the dyke were abandoned. I argue that these changes resulted from the construction of enclosed-type dykes with sluice gates and that this formed the present landscape of densely habitated villages within limited areas in this region.
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  • The Re-development of Public Housing Estates in Singapore
    Satoshi Nabekura
    2007 Volume 45 Issue 2 Pages 211-228
    Published: September 30, 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: October 31, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20495/tak.45.2_211
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    The aim of this paper is to examine the re-development of public housing estates in Singapore and to understand the problems of a “matured society” in which development has been completed. Public housing estates house 83 percent of Singapore's population. Their development played a significant role after Singaporean independence and continues to play an important role in maintaining the social order. In the last twenty years, their “re-development” has become very important, and this topic has not yet been examined.
     There are three stages in the process of re-development. In the first stage, rental flats were targeted as imperfect and made way for purchased flats. In the second stage, purchased flats were targeted for re-development. However, because these purchased flats were considered “perfect” they could not be demolished and were instead upgraded according to residents' will. In the third, and most crucial, stage, purchased flats have begun to be demolished. It may seem paradoxical, but the destruction of purchased flats is necessary for public housing estates to remain an influential institution in maintaining Singapore's social order. Their demolition makes residents go back to the pre-development stage of public housing when houses were demolished to develop housing estates. This last stage will determine whether the re-development of the public housing estates will succeed.
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  • Impacts and Constraints of Universal Coverage in Thailand's Public Health:
    A Survey Study in the Northeast Region
    Chalermpol Chamchan
    2007 Volume 45 Issue 2 Pages 229-271
    Published: September 30, 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: October 31, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20495/tak.45.2_229
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    This paper assesses impacts and constraints of the implementation of universal coverage (UC) in Thailand's public health system so far in selected provinces of the northeast region. Based on incidence and findings discovered in the survey, we can draw out a depiction to explain linkages and systematic consequences of the situations from the Primary Care Units (PCUs) to secondary and tertiary level hospitals. The depiction simply describes the current situation and the impact of UC on the whole system of care provisions with specific constraints at each facility level, and illustrates the systematically negative cyclic consequences of those constraints. Due to the “primary constraints” at all facility levels—mainly because of a shortage of health workers and inadequate budget financing—the Sarng-Nam-Sorm (health promotion and disease prevention ahead of curative health care) and Klai-Baan-Klai-Jai (Health facility near dwelling) strategies of the UC policy face failures at the PCU level, which, as a result, do not reduce, but rather increase number of the patients at the hospital level. Unbearable workloads and poor equipment with a lack of specific needed professionals at most secondary level hospitals at the district level has tended to push them to more often refer inpatient cases to tertiary level hospitals in the provincial cities because it is better and safer for patients. This is often viewed by the tertiary level hospital as over-referral, and puts a tremendous burden on them in terms of physical workloads and financial cost. In this study, we explained that these impacts from facilities in lower levels to those at higher levels are “linking consequences”, which will eventually negatively result backward on the lower level facilities in terms of “secondary constraints”. In the long run, if no attempt is made to ease the constraints and improve the situation—mainly regarding the inadequacy of the health workforce and funding—this vicious cycle of negative consequences could collapse the whole public health care system and UC.
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