The purpose of this article is to make a comparative analysis of educational administrative organizations in eight Southeast Asian countries.
 At present, the developing countries in Southeast Asia are making a maximum effort to establish and develop education, and this fact naturally invites strong national concern for educational affairs. Each country has already established a refined structure of educational administration, planning to put forward strong programs of education. An unbalance is observed, however, between the well organized administrative structure and development of education itself. The heavily centralized educational administration bring a still stronger centralizing tendency, thus strengthening already consolidated structures of educational administration. As the result, these countries have come to have a complete set of carefully organized administrative systems which sometimes surpasses those of advanced countries.
 The largest problems the people who are concerned about education in these countries must face is to put the strongest stress on the development of education itself, departing from mere concern about the establishment of administrative systems.
 It is the belief of the author that such a comparison as that attempted here will be fruitful for the study of comparative education as well as the comparative study of administration.

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 Stimulated by the report of Prof. Dumoulin of Sophia University in Tokyo, the researcher visited Rangoon, Bangkok and Ceylon in the summer of 1964,and studied the satipatthana meditation there. It was confirmed that the method of mindfulness devised by Mahasi Sayadaw has been developed in Thailand and Ceylon, and two other methods were also found in Rangoon : the one, devised by U Ba Khin, and the other, developed by Sunlungukyaung Sayadaw.
 U Ba Khin's method is a simplified method to the mindfulness of touch of breath, and some Western people already visited him in Rangoon. The Sunlum way of mindfulness, however, is almost unknown to the external world, and it is the most interesting method which may be compared with the intensive Zen training method devised by Master Ishiguro in Japan. This starts from the concentration to the sensation of unpleasantness or pain which comes from the continuation of hard breathing without the change of posture, and by penetrating through the pain sensation it aims to attain samadhi and enlightenment. It should be also noticed that many parents in Rangoon are sending their children to this training center for the purpose of character education.

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 This paper is a partial result of the sociological and anthropological fieldwork held in a village of Malaya during the period from July to Decdmber in 1964. Although the rural poverty and indebtedness, especially of the Malay peasants, are considered a serious problem in Malaya today, their actual conditions are not well known. This paper is an attempt to clarify these respects by analyzing such problems as land tenure, the pattern of landlord and tenant relationship, income of Malay farming households, peasant credit system and the inheritance pattern in the village concerned.
 The village, located in the "rice bowl" in the state of Kedah, has 287 households : 208 Malay households, 75 Chinese households and 4 Indian households. The large number of Chinese households in the village is due to the fact that the local trading center of the mukim (sub-district) is in this village. 135 out of the total Malay households are engaged in padi farming, but the households owning padi farms are only 75 in number. The average size of farms cultivated by the farming households is 6.5 small relong (about 4.4 acres). And it is very interesting that most tenants cultivating small areas rent the padi farms from their parents. Compared to the intensive farming in Japan, the average area of padi farm cultivated by a household and the average yield of padi per acre are not so small as might be supposed. The users of chemical fertilizers are rapidly increasing in number and the employment of farm labour is unexpectedly high, because of the comparatively large area under cultivation.
 However the problem of the lower income of Malay peasants lies in the fact that the price of padi is, comparatively speaking, very low. Those farming households cultivating padi farms under 6 small relong in area are almost all indebted to the Chinese merchants in the village by padi timor (padi kuncha). In order to avoid becoming indebted, farming household has to cultivate a miniumum padi farm over 7 relong.
 For the poor peasants there is almost no possiblity to purchase and rent farms in the village. The governmen's policy to aid these peasants has not been effectively brought into operation. Besides, the inheritance patterns, adat or sharia', in the village are further accelerating the fragmentation of the landholding of the peasants.

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 The food is insufficient for the large populations in Southeast Asia at present. But the population in this area is growing by high speed and they are very low level for livelihood. We must help these nations for their economic developmet.
 The matters dealing with in this report are water resources exploitation planning in Southeat Asia, that is, the relation between rice crops and flooding, growth of agricultural products, the development of water resources and other technical problems for irrigation schemes.
 These problems are mainly dealt with by the technic of agricultural engineering or civil engineering in this paper, but it is most important that all technical matters must be treated as the problems of social science and stabilization of livelifood.

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 The gelogical structure of Thailand and Malaysia is a member of folded moutains around the Asian schild. The younger granite which intruded at the Cretaceous period is the ore bringer of metallic ore deposits in both country. Main ore minerals are cassiteritte, iron minerals, stibnite, wolframite, manganese minerals, fluorite, gypsum, lignite and rock-salt. Minor elements contained in cassiterite (SnO₂) are Fe, Si, Mn, Mg, Pb, W, In, Bi, Al, Mo, Cu, Ti, Ca, Cr and Nb. Fluorite (CaF₂) collected from BAN HONG district contains such minor elements as Fe, Si, Mn, Mg, Al, Cu, Ba, Sr and Sn.

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 I was in Thailand from Dec. 13,1964 till Feb. 1,1965 to investigate the present condition of pulmonary tuberculosis from the standpoint of surgical treatment.
 As the result, I have been able to obtain the following conclusion.
 1) It is said from the report of Tuberculosis Control Division in Thailand that about 6% of all Thai peopele show abnormal findings in X-ray of chest, about 4% need the treatment for tuberculosis and about 1% have tuberculous cavities or have positive sputa.
 2) From my investigation, it seems that chemotherapy would not be effective in abot 30% of the case in which cavities or positive sputa are found, because the insufficient chemotherapy with only INH, PAS and Tb 1 has to be performed by the economical condition and most of the above cases have cirrhotic cavities for which even the most excellent chemotherapy are often ineffective.
 Therefore, to eradicate of tuberculosis in Thailand, it may be necessary to treat these cases surgically.
 3) There are two hospitals for surgical treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis in Thailand and about 200 cases per year are operated surgically.
 However, most of the beds in the both hospitals are occupied by the far-advanced cases and it is not so easy to find out the case with good indications for surgical treatments.
 As the result, the rotation of bed for surgical operation is insufficient and the function of the surgical division is much disturbed.
 4) As is well known, methods available for surgical treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis are pulmonary resection, thoracoplasty and cavernostomy, and for the far-advanced cases, cavernostomy can be available even when pulmonary resection and thoracoplasty are impossible.
 But, in Thaiand, only pulmorary resection and thoracoplasty are being done. This is a cause of those beds for surgical treatment are occupied by patients with far-advanced tuberculosis and the rotation of bed is apt to be stopped, because many cases of far-abvanced in Thailand have no indication for pulmonary resection or thoracoplasty, but have only the indication for cavernostomy.
 5) In fact, we can find the indication of pulmonary resection and thoracopasty in only about 10% of all patients of Central Chest Hospital and on the other hand, we can find the indication for cavernostomy in over 30% of the same group of patients.
 6) Therefore, it can be said that, if cavernostomy is performed in suitable patients among these far-advanced cases, the rotation of bed in this hospital will be better and this will help to eradicate tuberculosis in Thailand.

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 It is estimated that in Thailand there are over 1,200,000 (about 4% of population) pulmonary tuberculsis patients to be treated, 300,000 to 400,000 patients among them with cavitary lesions or far-advanced lesions and at least 300,000 patients with sputum positive for tubercle bacilli.
 From 1960,the tuberculosis control program of Thailand (especially of Bangkok) has been developed mainly in the field of mass-ambulatory-chemotherapy by sheer efforts of the staffs of Tuberculosis Control Division (Central Chest Clinic) supported by WHO and UNICEF.
 They are administering daily 0.3g. of isoniazid (INH) plus 10g. of PAS-Na or 0.15g. of TBl. Streptomycin (SM) is used in very few cases chiefly due to its expense.
 In fact, they have not more than 500 hospital beds for the isolation and the treatment of tuberculosis patients in Bangkok (Central Chest Hospital) and that is all in the whole Thailand now. So the most of the patients should be treated ambulatory. In spite of such severe social circumstances in Thailand, the effort seems to have been rewarded with good fruit. The author, however, wants to know whether there might be much more efficacious chemotherapeutic regimen suitable for ambulatory treatment. Concerning tuberculosis generally in Asian developing countries, it is one of the important tasks for Japanese doctors to investigate the most efficacious regimen of tuberculosis chemotherapy available to the ambulatory treatment.
 For this purpose, we must know at first about the results of the sensitivity tests against the prevailing tuberculostatic agents in all cases positive for tubercle bacilli. Then the results may directly reflect the effects of the regimens which they are using in Thailand and make it possible to evaluate the efficacy.
 We have planned to intensify the chemotherapeutic regimens in the original and re-treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis, and at present, we have some data (experimental and clinical) about the intensification of the regimens. The author believes that the chemotherapy of pulmonary tuberculosis in Thailand should be much more intensified in a realistic way. It is the best way in our field to make some contribution to the public health problem of Thai people.

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 1) Clinical and histopathological pictures of 24 cases of reactional phases of leprosy observed in Prapradaeng Leprosarium and Khon Kaen Leprosarium are described.
 2) The differences of clinical pictures of reactional phases of leprosy in Thailand and in Japan are discussed briefly.

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