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Volume 14, Issue 2
Displaying 1-7 of 7 articles from this issue
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Article
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Akimi FujimotoArticle type: Article
1976 Volume 14 Issue 2 Pages 159-176
Published: 1976
Released on J-STAGE: June 02, 2018
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis study deals with rice farming in a long-established double-cropping area in Kelantan where, although rice production is the most important source of income, the average yield per acre is much lower than the national average. Production costs, profitability of rice farming, and the role of material inputs in rice production are analyzed, based on data obtained from a farm management study in a Kelantan village. Low productivity and comparatively high production costs result in negative net profit but barely positive returns to family labour, farm assets and entrepreneurship, while the use of material inputs seems to be below optimum level. This is economically interpreted as the stagnation of rice production, in that farmers lack capital to improve their rice farming which, in turn, fails to generate economic profit.View full abstractDownload PDF (1377K) -
VI. Additions and Corrections to the Knowledge of Labiatae in Thailand (1)Gen MurataArticle type: Article
1976 Volume 14 Issue 2 Pages 177-193
Published: 1976
Released on J-STAGE: June 02, 2018
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA List of Labiatae Known from Thailand was published in 1971 as a fourth article of this series in the Southeast Asian Studies 8 : 489-517, based chiefly on the materials deposited in the herbaria of AAU, C, KYO and TI. Since then, many additional specimens of Labiatae have been brought from Thailand to the herbarium of Kyoto University (KYO). I myself had two chances to explore actually various localities in Thailand in 1971 and 1973. I had also a chance to examine the specimens kept in the herbarium of the Department of Agriculture at Bangkok (BK) and in the Forest Herbarium, Royal Forest Department at Bangkok (BKF). A considerable number of specimens of Labiatae from Thailand and Indochina were sent on loan from Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris (P) for my study. Examination of these specimens as well as the field observation bring me to prepare a paper for additions and corrections to my earlier paper.
Before going further, I would like to express my deep appreciations to the directors and the curators of the above stated Herbaria. Dr. Tem Smitinand and Mr. Chamlong Phengklai, Royal Forest Department, and Miss Umpai Youngboonkird, Department of Agriculture, helped me in various ways when I visited their herbaria. I am also grateful to Dr J. Vidal at Paris who recommended me to study the specimens from Thailand and Indochina in Paris and gave me various suggestions. The two field trips were financially supported by the Ministry of Education through the Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University. This study was made possible in part by the Grant in Aid of Scientific Research of Ministry of Education, No. 034047.View full abstractDownload PDF (1721K) -
III. Litter Fall of the Tropical Montane Forest near CibodasIsamu YamadaArticle type: Article
1976 Volume 14 Issue 2 Pages 194-229
Published: 1976
Released on J-STAGE: June 02, 2018
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (2749K)
Notes
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A Case of the PhilippinesYoko Yoshikawa1976 Volume 14 Issue 2 Pages 230-269
Published: 1976
Released on J-STAGE: June 02, 2018
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis paper attempts to clarify the pattern of Philippine political legitimacy before and after martial law. The philippine political history since the Revolution of Independence can be largely characterised by the restriction of charismatic rule and movement toward more conservative, rational-legal rule with coexistent traditional values. Although traditional values often undermineded democratic ideals and the legal code, other factors contributed to their maintenance. Until martial law, legitimacy was fundamentally constitutional. However, inefficiencies in the political system particularly in the distribution capacity enlarged the gap between the people's beliefs and expectations, and the realities. Ambivalence about constitutional legitimacy called for changes in institutions, in the quality of leadership and even for change of the entire system.
It is still premature to conclude whether legitimacy has changed or not since September 21, 1972. However, it is most likely that constitutional legitimacy is not at present functioning; instead there is a more authoritarian legitimacy colored by the creation of charismatic images. The majority seem to accept authoritarian rule, passively or actively, but probably on a temporary basis while looking for movement towards the equal distribution of wealth. The urban elite seems split : those who advocate universal, constituional democracy; those who claim the need for authoritarian rule to bring changes and efficiency; and the extremists. The first group is growing while Marcos is building his own system of government.
Lacking constitutional legitimacy, the Marcos regime must prove itself more able to meet the expectations of people than the former democratic system, if it is to survive the short term; in the long term, constitutional legitimacy may well become vital because of the growing democratic potential.View full abstractDownload PDF (4245K) -
Toru Ohno1976 Volume 14 Issue 2 Pages 270-285
Published: 1976
Released on J-STAGE: June 02, 2018
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSMany frescoes can still be seen on the inner walls of the Buddhist temples in the Pagan area. Most of them were painted during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. It also seems likely that many frescoes would have been painted during the next three hundred years. It is strange however that so far none of them has been discovered. On the other hand, several frescoes painted during the last half of the seventeenth and the first half of the eighteenth centuries remain, in fairly good condition, in Pagan, Sagaing, Pinya, Pahkangyi and Shwebo districts.
Frescoes painted in the "Nyaungyan period" (I consider it better to use this term rather than the "Ava period", because the Burmans regard the latter as the dynasty established by Thadominbya in 1364 A. D. which lasted until 1552 A. D.) show notable characteristics in comparison with those of the Pagan period. For example, both men and women are portrayed with round eyes, plump noses and thick lips. A large protuberance is shown on one side of the face, as if he were holding a big toffee in his mouth. Men of high rank usually wear long robes with short sleeves and no opening. This sort of dress has no collar and is like a long T-shirt. Soldiers carry either a sword, a spear or a bow, and a circular shield. There are no soldiers armed with muskets. Women's hair is worn up, drawn through a ring or funnel-shaped hair ornament. These peculiarities disappear entirely in the Kongbaung period.View full abstractDownload PDF (1775K) -
Koji Tanaka, Tadayo Watabe1976 Volume 14 Issue 2 Pages 286-301
Published: 1976
Released on J-STAGE: June 02, 2018
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDry farming and irrigated rice cultivation are traditional agricultural systems in the Dry Zone of Burma. The authors observed a number of crops cultivated in the Dry Zone along their survey route from Prome to Shwebo, through Kyaukpadawn, Meiktila and Mandalay. In contrast to the monoculture of rice in the Delta region, many varieties of cropes are cultivated in the Dry Zone. Generally speaking, pulses and miscellaneous grain crops constitute major crops of dry farming and, of course, rice is the principal crop where there are irrigation facilities. Irrigated rice cultivation is more intensive than dry farming.
Considering the differences in the composition of major crops and in their distribution between these two systems, the authors conclude that the crops were introduced from neighboring India and China, and that the agricultural techniques which characterize the two farming systems were also introduced from those countries, from very early times. That is, dry farming is considered to have developed through successive introduction of crops and agricultural techniques from Indian agriculture, while irrigated rice cultivation has been influenced by intensive agriculture derived from southern China.View full abstractDownload PDF (1617K) -
Oliver B. Pollak1976 Volume 14 Issue 2 Pages 302-306
Published: 1976
Released on J-STAGE: June 02, 2018
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (1075K)
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