Tetsu-to-Hagane

Effects of Volatile Matter in Coal on Reduction Rate of Molten Iron Oxide

Minoru SASABE, Mitsuru TATE, Yasutaka KOBAYASHI

1994 Volume 80 Issue 3 Pages 183-188
Published: March 01, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: June 19, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.80.3_183

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Molten oxide containing iron oxide was reduced with coal, char as well as graphite at temperatures 1300, 1350 and 1400°C. It is revealed that volatile matter in coal accelerates reduction rate of the oxide. Apparent rate constants can be expressed empirically as follows :
for coal containing volatile matter :
In k₁ = -5.00 × 10³/T-4.08 (s^-1)
for char and graphite :
In k₃ = -11.0 × 10³/T -1.73 (s^-1)
When the surfaces of coal, char as well as graphite are surrounded with foam of the molten oxide, the reduction comes to a halt while carbonaceous material and molten iron oxide remain in the reaction system.

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Transient Phenomena and Amplitude of Swirl Motion Appearing in a Bottom Blown Cylindrical Bath with Low Depth

Manabu IGUCHI, Yohichi ITOH, Zen-ichiro MORITA

1994 Volume 80 Issue 3 Pages 189-194
Published: March 01, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: January 19, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.80.3_189

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Two kinds of swirl motions are observed in a cylindrical bath with centric bottom gas injection. One is induced byapproximately periodical generation of bubbles at the nozzle exit. The other is caused by hydrodynamic instability of a large scale ring vortex enclosing the bubbling jet. The two swirl motions occur for H_L/D_??_1 and H_L/D_??_2, respectively, where H_L is the bath depth and D is the bath diameter. Air-water, mercury-nitrogen and Wood's metalnitrogen systems are used in the present cold model experiments. The following three subjects for the former type of swirl motion are treated.
(1) Time from the start of gas injection to the initiation of swirl motion, being called the starting time of swirl motion.
(2) Time required by the swirl motion to damp out after the stopage of gas injection, being termed the damping time of swirl motion.
(3) Amplitude of swirl motion at the side wall of the vessel.
Empirical correlations of the starting time and damping time are derived. The amplitude of swirl motion exhibits a peak value at H_L/D between 0.4 and 0.5.

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A Glass Melting by Use of a High Frequency Induction Skull Melting Method with Submerged Heating Elements and Its Heat Conduction Analysis

Tomio TAKASU, Kensuke SASSA, Shigeo ASAI

1994 Volume 80 Issue 3 Pages 195-200
Published: March 01, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: June 19, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.80.3_195

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A new method of melting and holding of a material with low thermal and electrical conductivities is proposed toovercome the problems of long heating period and localized overheat in a charge. In this method, a water cooled induction coil is directly used as a crucible, and the elements heated by a high frequency magnetic field are submerged into the charge. Experiments have been conducted on glass under various operating conditions, i.e. the coil current, the frequency and the radius of the heating elements. A mathematical model is developed to calculate the process variables such as the heat generation rates in the coil and the heating elements, and the temperature distribution in the charge. The calculated process variables are compared with the observed ones. The considerably good agreement between the theoretical and experimental results indicates the validity of the model. The heat generation rate in the heating elements is determined by the ratio of the radius of the heating element to the electromagnetic penetration depth and has the maximum value at the ratio of 1.8.

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Rate of SiO₂ Inclusion Removal from Molten Cu to Slag under Gas Injection Stirring Condition

Keiji OKUNIURA, Masahito BAN, Masahiro HIRASAWA, Masamichi SANO, Kazum ...

1994 Volume 80 Issue 3 Pages 201-206
Published: March 01, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: June 19, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.80.3_201

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Kinetic studies have been made on SiO₂ inclusion removal from molten Cu to Li₂O-SiO₂-Al₂O₃ slag under Ar gas injection stirring condition. The effect of gas injection on the inclusion removal rate has been investigated. Experiments were done at 1523K. The gas flow rate of injected Ar was in the range of 360cm³/s under the conditions of 1523K and 1.013 × 10⁵Pa. The crucible diameters were 30, 40, 60, and 75mm. During each experimental run, the frequency of bubble formation was measured by means of a pressure pulse technique.
The bubble size ranged from 7 to 18mm. From the [mass%O]_T-time relation, the rate constant of inclusion removal k_o, was obtained. It is shown that k_oincreases with increasing Ar gas flow rate, V_g. The rate of inclusion remove increases with increasing gas-metal interfacial area. A mathematical model is developed to explain the experimental result. In the model, the inclusion particles are assumed to adhere to the gas bubble-metal interface during the bubble formation and ascent periods. The apparent mass transfer coefficient, k_m, for inclusion removal obtained experimentally is independent of the gas flow rate and the crucible diameter. Thus, it is considered that the inclusion particles are removed from the melt mainly through adhesion to the gas bubble-metal interface.

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The Effect of Stirring Energy and the Rate of Oxygen Supply on the Rate of Hot Metal Dephosphorization

Susumu MUKAWA, Yoshimasa MIZUKAMI

1994 Volume 80 Issue 3 Pages 207-212
Published: March 01, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: June 19, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.80.3_207

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Study was made on the desiliconization and dephosphorization reaction kinetics at various size equipments. Coupled reaction model was employed to analyse the rate determining step of desiliconization and dephosphorization reaction.
By model calculations, the rate determining step of desiliconization reaction is the mass transfer process in the hot metal and mass transfer both in hot metal and slag for dephosphorization reaction. The mass transfer coefficient in hot metal k_m proportionally increased with 0.7 power of parameterε d/²_c, independently on the equipment size, where, ε, d_eis the stirring energy of hot metal and the diameter of vessel, respectively.
Apparent rate constant of dephosphorization kp' =ln ([%P]_i/[%P]_f)/t_f increased from 0.10min^-1 to 0.33min^-1 when stirring energy ε' and the rate of oxygen supply Vo₂ was increased under the optimum relationship between ε' and Vo₂ which is predicted by the model calculations, where [%P]_i and [%P]_f is initial and final phosphorus content and t_f, refining time. This optimum relationship was expressed as the empirical equation, ε'=1.51 Vo₂² +3.31Vo₂ under the condition of this study.

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Decarburization Model for Vacuum Degasser

Shin-ya KITAMURA, Masataka YANO, Kazuumi HARASHIMA, Naoto TSUTSUMI

1994 Volume 80 Issue 3 Pages 213-218
Published: March 01, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: June 19, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.80.3_213

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A new decarburization model for the vacuum degasser was constructed. In this model, the mass transfer of carbon andoxygen in the liquid phase, the mass transfer of CO in the gas phase and the chemical reaction rate at the interface were taken into account for the rate controlling steps. Also, as the decarburization sites, the Ar bubble surface, bath surface, and the CO bubble formation at inner sites were considered. This model was verified by the correspondence of the calculation results with the experimental results of the small scale tests and applied to the various RH degassers. The following results were clarified :
1) Decarburization at inner sites mainly occurs in the initial stage of the decarburization process (Stage I ), and decarburization at the bath surface becomes predominant in the final stage of the decarburization process (Stage II).
2) The reaction in Stage I is mainly governed by the circulation rate and evacuation rate.
3) The evacuation rate has a smaller influence on the reaction in Stage II. In this stage, it is essential to increase the circulation rate and to increase the effective reaction area for the decarburization at the bath surface by inducing violent surface agitation.

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Design Principles of Mold Powder for High Speed Continuous Casting

Masayuki KAWAMOTO, Keiji NAKAJIMA, Takashi KANAZAWA, Ken NAKAI

1994 Volume 80 Issue 3 Pages 219-224
Published: March 01, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: June 19, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.80.3_219

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In order to develop of mold powder for high speed slab type continuous casting, viscosity of molten flux and melting rate are investigated. The results can be summarized as follows;
1) Viscosity of molten flux is estimated from the equation as a function of anion cation interaction parameter and net work parameter.
2) Melting rate is estimated from the equation as a function of carbon content per unit volume and carbonate content.
3) The improved mold powder succeeded in casting at 5m/min speed.

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Coating Adhesion and Interface Structure of Galvannealed Steel

Yoshitaka ADACHI, Masahiro ARAI, Toshio NAKAMORI

1994 Volume 80 Issue 3 Pages 225-230
Published: March 01, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: June 19, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.80.3_225

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We investigated on the shear adhesion strength of galvannealed steel (GA). High adhesion strength of GA with less than 7 mass% Fe, 11 mass% Fe or more was obtained.
A structure of GA coating/substrate interface on adhesion strength was aimed. The observations were carried out by transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Γ phase remarkably grew at the coating/substrate interface of GA with over 11 mass% Fe. The ledge with pitch of approximately 100nm was formed at Γ/αFe interface. It seems that Γ phase grows by lateral growth mechanism. On the other hand, epitaxy between αFe and Γ phase was not found out. From the above mentioned results, it was proposed as a model that interface adhesion strength of GA was varied with geometrical shape of the interface.

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Reaction between Iron and Molten Pb-Zn

Yoshinori WAKAMATSU, Hirohito MASUMOTO, Toshitada SHIMOZAKI, Masami ON ...

1994 Volume 80 Issue 3 Pages 231-236
Published: March 01, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: June 19, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.80.3_231

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Formation and growth kinetics of Fe-Zn intermetallic phases on surfaces of Fe specimens in molten Pb containing 10 mass% Zn at 613 to 693 K were investigated. ζ phase layer was first formed on the surface and then palisade δ₁, Γ, Γ₁ and compact δ₁ phase layers were formed successively with the lapse of annealing time. Incubation times of these phases decrease with an increase in temperature. Growth of the intermetallic phases does not follow the parabolic rate law, although their thickness increases with annealing time. The formation order, incubation times and growth kinetics of the intermetallic phases are much the same as those in Fe-Zn diffusion couple. The reason why such a result was obtained can be explained on the basis of the local equilibrium concept in reactive diffusion, because value of Zn chemical potential in the molten Pb-Zn is nearly equal to that in solid Zn.

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Descalability on Reheated Steel Slabs at High Temperature

Takayuki NAKAMURA, Motoo SATO

1994 Volume 80 Issue 3 Pages 237-242
Published: March 01, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: June 19, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.80.3_237

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The mechanism of descaling at high temperature was investigated from the analysis of operation factors in plate rolling shop and the study of scale properties oxidized at high temperature. The descalability of Si-killed steels was inferior to semi-killed steels, because their sensitivity of scale cracking on air cooling was more than on semi-killed steels. The state of cracks in scale on air cooling controlled the descalability of steels. The oxide scale of Si-killed steels including large pores cracked easily but these cracks usually stopped at large pores which were at nearly half thickness of scale. At descaling by the hydraulic scale breaker, the cracks propagated in the scale parallel to the iron substrate and therefore the lower parts of scale thickness remained on the steel slab surface. On Si-killed steels, the fayalite, Fe₂SiO₄, was formed in layers at the interface of scale/iron. Under 1170°C, which was eutectic point of Fe₂SiO₄ and FeO, the fayalite became solid, and then the descalability became worth owing to the increase in adhesion of scale to iron substrate.

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Hydrogen Occlusion Behavior of Si or Si, Ca Added High-Strength Steels with High Resistance to Delayed Fracture

Kenichi TAKAI, Jun-ichi SEKI, Goro YAMAUCHI

1994 Volume 80 Issue 3 Pages 243-248
Published: March 01, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: June 19, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.80.3_243

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Medium carbon steels added 2.0% Si or 1.5% Si-30ppm Ca with 1400N/mm² tensile strength show high resistance to delayed fracture. It is important to clarify the hydrogen occlusion behavior to delayed fracture of steels with high resistance to delayed fracture. The hydrogen diffusion coefficient and hydrogen content were measured by electrochemical permeation technique, and hydrogen evolution content after accelerated delayed fracture test was directly measured by hydrogen thermal analysis. It is found that high resistance to delayed fracture of 2.0% Si steel is due to the high hydrogen content needed for fracture, in spite of its high hydrogen occlusion rate. Also the high resistance to delayed fracture of 1.5% Si-30ppm Ca steel is found to be due to the low hydrogen occlusion rate and the low hydrogen content needed for fracture.

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Recrystallization with α'→γ Reverse Transformation and High Temperature Deformation on Single Phase Stainless Steel SUS304

Masahito KATOH, Yasunori TORISAKA

1994 Volume 80 Issue 3 Pages 249-253
Published: March 01, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: January 18, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.80.3_249

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Static recrystallization kinetics and high temperature deformation properties of austenitic stainless steel SUS304 (AISI 304) have been investigated. It was established that the grain size of reversely transformed (α'→γ) and statically recrystallized microstructures varied directly with the volume of initial martensite phase which was induced by cold working. It was concluded that such recrystallization processes with reverse transformation could be divided into four stages.
Tensile tests in this alloy sheets with initial grain sizes of about 1.0μm have been conducted at different temperatures, below the static recrystallization temperature, and at strain rates ranging from 3.0×10^-5 to 1.0×10^-2s^-1. The elongation to failure exceeded 300pct and strain-rate sensitivity index (m) of about 0.4 were obtained at a test temperature of 998K at an initial strain rate of 3.0×10^-5. The influence of high temperature deformation on grain coarsening has also been investivated in this material.

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Metallurgy on Steel Sheets for Future Vehicles

Osamu HASHIMOTO

1994 Volume 80 Issue 3 Pages N86-N90
Published: March 01, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: June 19, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.80.3_N86

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Recent Trend and Problems of Whisker Reinforced Composite Ceramics

Won-seung CHO, Koji HAYASHI

1994 Volume 80 Issue 3 Pages N91-N99
Published: March 01, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: June 19, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.80.3_N91

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