Oncomelania (Katayama) nosophora, the first intermediate host of Schistosoma japonicum in Japan, has an amphibious habit and, as noticed early by Miyagawa (1914), Sugiura (1933) and others, rarely stays in deep water. These snails are usually found in or on the moist soil just above the water edge of the brook or on moist vegetable matter above the level of water. However, when they become infected with Schistosoma cercariae, the cercariae emerge from them only when they are in water. We do not know exactly whether they actively creep into water so frequently or not, but it seems such is rarely the case. They are submerged passively in water when the water level of the brooks comes up owing to rainfalls, irrigations of rice fields and other causes, and such would be a good chance for Schistosoma cercariae to emerge from them. In such cases, the time interval during which snails are submerged in water is important. The following experiments were conducted to know the behavior of Oncomelania nosophora when submerged in water.

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Poliomyelitis viruses have been immunologically grouped into three types, Brunhilde, Leon and Lansing. Although much of effort has been devoted to isolate poliomyelitis virus in Japan, little is revealed concerning the immunological property of the strains isolated.
After World War II, the existence of poliomyelitis virus “Lansing” strain in Japan was suspected from the results obtained by the neutralization test on sera of the healthy Japanese, and furthermore, poliomyelitis virus B34 strain that was of Lansing type was successfully isolated from the stool of one healthy member of a polio patient's family, by means of mouse passage of the specimen. At that time monkeys were not used to isolate the causative agent of the disease because they were not easily available.
An epidemic of poliomyelitis has occurred in the northern part of Japan during 1949. A total of 501 (12.5/100, 000 population) cases was reported from Hokkaido, and also 194 (18.9/100, 000 population) cases from Aomori Prefecture. These figures represent only paralytic cases, since in Japan nonparalytic cases are hardly diagnosed except in the epidemic season of poliomyelitis and mostly are not recognized as poliomyelitis. During this epidemic spinal cords of two patients (each aged one year and two years old) of whom one is from Shibetsu, Hokkaido and the other is from Hachinohe, Aomori Prefecture were obtained, and kept in dry ice box.
Using monkeys as experimental animal two virus strains, named Hachinohe and Shibetsu strain were successfully isolated from these spinal cords in March 1950. However no virus was isolated by passages in mice. Both of the two strains newly isolated in monkeys were presumed not of “Lansing” type.
In 1951 the Poliomyelitis Research Committee was set up by the request of the government, and we were nominated as one of the members participating in the activity. The study concerning the immunological classification of poliomyelitis viruses in Japan using monkeys was carried out.

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Many experiments on the effect of Vitamin B₁ (V.B₁) against poliomyelitis have been carried out. As for whether V.B₁ is effective or not for the treatment of poliomyelitis, there have been various opinions of pro and con based on the clinical and experimental observations. Even those who support the effectiveness of V.B₁ treatment have still failed to clear up the mechanismus acting. It has been found, however, that V.B₁ promotes the activity of acetylcholin (Ac) and in vitro studies restrains the activity of cholinesterase (ChE) . Nishizawa observed the increase of ChE and decrease of V.B₁ in the spinal fluid of poliomyelitis patients and attempted the intrathecal administration of Ac and V.B₁ on clinical cases. There were 314 patients received the treatment, of whom 106 were of early stage within one month after the onset of the disease. Out of the 106 early cases, it was reported, 68 (64.2%) recovered completely. Through further studies to prevent the dissociation of Ac by ChE and to reduce the toxicity of Ac, glutamyl-cholin CH₂-CH₂COO^- _??_NH₂CH-COO-CH₂-CH₂N⁺ (CH₃) ₃ was synthesized by Prof. Kotake of Osaka University. This compound, glutamylcholin (GLC), used in place of Ac seemed more effective. GLC 0.5-20 mg together with V.B₁ was intrathecally injected 4-6 times a week. This treatment was combined with massage from 10 days after the onset of the disease. No untoward side effects were recognized. Nishizawa pointed out that 36 out of 46 patients (83.7%) who received injections 4-6 times a week showed complete recovery, and in the group that received treatment twice a week the corresponding rate is 65.4% (53/81) .
During the typing of the virus strains isolated in Japan active virus vaccine was prepared and injected for immunization, which caused unexpected rise of fever followed by paralysis in some monkeys. These paralyzed monkeys were treated with GLC and responded favorably to the treatment. The monkeys treated were all survived, though with recidual paralysis.
The monkeys thus immunized were first challenged with “Brunhilde” strain. In order to make the best use of limited number of experimental animals, paralyzed monkeys on the first challenge with “Brunhilde” strain were treated with GLC, and the survived monkeys after treatment were slated to the second challenge with the “Leon” strain. The GLC treatment was also repeated among the monkeys paralyzed due to “Leon” challenge.

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As recorded in previous papers, griseolutein inhibited the growth of gram-positive bacteria and a few gram-negative bacteria at 0.1-2.0 mcg/ml and its minimal lethal dosis to mice by subcutaneous injection was larger than 1, 600 mg/kg. The bacteriostatic effect and the low toxicity suggested that griseolutein was one of hopeful antibiotics. Serum and cysteine lowered the bacteriostatic effect, but it was not so strong as to exclude the possibility of the effect in vivo. The influence of serum was almost the same order as that on aureomycin and that of cysteine was not complete even in its high concentration such as 100 mcg/ml.
As shown in the first papèr, the strain No. P-37, Streptomyces griseoluteus, produced more than an antibiotic and one of them which was transferred into ethyl acetate at pH 2.0 was named griseolutein. In further studies for the purpose to increase the yield of griseolutein, as reported by. Yagishita and others, the strain and the suitable media were selected. Then it was found that there were two kinds of griseolutein. Therefore griseolutein described in the previous paper was named griseolutein A and another, griseolutein B. Both of them are transferred into ethyl acetate or butyl acetate at pH 2.0. They are different in their ultraviolet absorption as will be reported by Maeda and Osato. Their bacteriostatic effects are very resembling except that to Proteus vulgaris. Griseolutein B is slightly more toxic than A, but the preventive and curative effect of the former to the infection of M. pyogenes was confirmed.
In the present paper the experiments on the effect of griseolutein B in vitro and in vivo are described.

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The present authors have already reported some aspect on the existence of the tricarboxylic acid cycle in Salmonella typhi and paratyphi A from the point of cultural adaptation. When Salmonella typhi or paratyphi A is cultivated in a medium, in which the sole carbon source is one of the tricarboxylic acid cycle members, they behave quite identically so that it seems to us reasonable to regard these two types of Salmonella as identical in respect of tricarboxylic acid cycle operation. In the previous reports, we considered that the tricarboxylic acid cycle might not operate in Salmonella typhi or paratyphi A from the experimental results, which show that the cultures of these organisms adapted and passaged serially in the medium, carbon source of which is only citric acid, has not been adapted to α-ketoglutaric acid. However, at that time we did not take into consideration the permeability of the cell membrane purposely, and discussed the results solely from the point of successive adaptation of bacterial biochemical activity. And now, we have come to the point to discuss them from the viewpoint of the permeability of cell wall.
As seen from our experimental results, the main point of the problem lies in the reaction series, in which α-ketoglutaric acid is produced from citric acid. In this time, first, experiments by cultural adaptation was performed also with isocitric acid in order to know what attitude this acid takes in an experiment like this. Next, cell-free extract was made from bacterial cells of Salmonella typhi and its aconitase activity and the activity of the reaction, isocitric acid → α-ketoglutaric acid, was examined.

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