開花当日から15日前にわたり3日間隔で0, 9, 12, 15m/sの風処理を行ない, 生殖器官の形態や機能などにおよぼす影響を調査して次のような結論をえた。
1) 強風処理によつて異常な葯を発生するが, 低温などによるタペート肥大とは異なり, 葯胞形成期の処理で小型あるいは不整形な葯を発生するところに特徴がある。
2) 不健全花粉は, 頴花の退化や異常葯の発生が多いのに比べれば, その発生が比較的少なく, 開花15日前の処理特に15m/sの区に多かつた他は標準区と大差がなかつた。
3) 標準区と同時刻に開花した頴花では, 開花日前に風処理を受けていても, 授粉および花粉の発芽状態は標準区のそれと有意な差がなかつた。
4) 風処理後数日間は, 標準区の稲より開花時刻の早まる頴花が認められ, 開花時刻が早められた頴花では, 葯の裂開が開花より遅れるために柱頭上に附着する花粉が全然ないかあるいは非常に少なくなつて, 不受精籾発生の原因となる。しかし, 風処理を受けた稲でも頴花の開花時刻が標準区の開花時刻に近づくにしたがつて, 授粉および発芽花粉数も標準区の値に近づいてくる。
5) 開花日前の風処理によつても, 茶米・死米・粃籾などの発生をやや増加させるが, 開花日の処理が最も大きい稔実障害を発生させ, 15m/s区では完全透白米が皆無になつた。
6) 開花日に処理された頴花は, 処理風速が大きくなるにしたがつて内外頴の褐変あるいは灰変する面積が広くなり, 変色した籾は内外頴の釣合が不完全になつたり病原菌が侵入するために玄米に着色する。籾殻が灰色に変色した場合は褐変した場合に比べて, 約3.5倍の着色玄米を発生させ, 15m/sの処理区ではほとんどすべての籾に灰変した部分を生じ, 全部の玄米が着色していた。

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In 1959 and 1960, the experiments were carried out to make clear the characteristic growth of rice plants in high lands Surige (Hiraga town level 350m) and Utarube (Towada town level 400m), and in seaside Shimooguni (Kanita town) and Itikawa (Hatinohe city) where the north-easterlies named “Yamase wind” prevailed, comparing with inland districts (Kuroishi and Fujisaka) in Aomori Prefecture. In order to investigate the effect of meteorological conditions on the late developmental stage of rice plants, the plants planted in pots were removed between inner districts and high lands or seaside region mutually on determined dates.
Results obtained are as follows:
(1) In the high lands and seaside region, the growth of early developmental stage of rice plants was inferior to inner districts and the heading was dates were retarded.
(2) The safety time for the heading was longer in inner districts than in high lands and in seaside region (See Fig. 2)
(3) Main characteristics in growth of rice plants varied by exchanging the places, naimely the meteorological conditions in late stage of the growth.

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本報告で, 著者は植被層内の乱れと一般接地気層内の乱れとの類推にもとづいて, 植被層内の乱れの特徴を考察した。植被層内の乱れの関係式と一般接地気層内のそれのための式との最大の違いはγ=(1-d/H) なる植被係数がみられることである。そのために二つの層内の乱れは第1図に模式的に示されるようになり, 植被層内の乱れの発達はγ=(1-d/H) なる係数によつて抑制されていることがわかつた。植被係数γは植被の繁茂状態の変化に従つて0.0～1.0の間を直線的に変化し, これは実験的結果とよく一致している。植被状態はd/Hなる無次元量によつて単純に表わされ, 半経験的に導入された地面修正量が植被層内の乱れに関与することがわかつた。
Hおよびdの与えられたある植被において植被係数γは高さに無関係であるという仮定からえられた。(10)式を用いて植被層内での運動量フラックスが求められ, 他の方法でえたそれと比較された。両者はよく一致し, (10) 式がほぼ妥当な値を与えることがわかつた。(10)式と熱収支法で求めた拡散係数 (植被層内) の垂直分布とを用いて水稲植被層内の運動量フラックスおよび吸収強度の垂直分布が求められ第6図に示されている。風速の増大に伴つて植被上層での運動量の吸収は強くなることがわかつた。
以上説明したように乱れの特徴の類推から求めた諸関係は植被層内の乱れをある程度正確に説明するように考えられる。そして, この方法とさきに報告した熱収支法による結果とを組合せることによつて植被層内での物理量 (熱・水蒸気・炭酸ガスなど) の輸送・交換に主導的役割を果している植被層内の乱れのスケール・拡散係数についてある程度定量的な知識をうることが可能なようである。しかしながら, 本研究においては乱れの特徴に著しい影響を及ぼす植被層内の気層の温度成層度が無視されているので, 今後これを考慮に入れた一般的方法の研究が必要である。

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Bowen's ratio represents the ratio of sensible heat (H) to latent heat (LE) between the air layer and the underlying water or ground surface, which is calculated as follows:
r=H/LE≅{0.64θ_w-θ_a/e(θ_w)-e_a (°C, mb) 0.5θ_w-θ_a/e(θ_w)-e_a (°C, mmHg)
It gives the useful method to the heat or water budget studies of the earth's surface, and the evaluation of this ratio for the oceans had been made by Jacobs or Sverdrup, but exact knowledges of the values for inland waters had not been obtained because of the lack of basic hydrological data. In this paper, the author intends to make clear the seasonal and regional variations of Bowen's ratio for the four kinds of water body (1. Lake and reservoir, 2. Middle and lower reaches of river, 3. Coastal sea, 4. Ground water), by making use of the miscellaneous water temperature data. The data were collected from the publications of Meteorological Agency, Agricultural Ministery, Yoshimura's and Torii's reports and others.
Calculations of the ratio were made by using the monthly mean air and water temperatures. Characteristics in the distribution of Bowen's ratio may be summerized as follows:
1. Lake and Reservoir (Fig. 2 a-b)
Bowen's ratio shows the clear annual variation with large in the winter and small value in the summer season. The range of the annual variation is wider in the northern part than in the southwest part of Japan. In Hokkaido, it takes negative value in early summer, corresponding to the relations of θ_w<θ_a and e(θ_w)>e_a. During mid-summer the ratio lies between 0.15 and 0.2 in all districts of Japan.
2. River (Fig. 2 c-h)
The values for the river water temperature show larger annual variations than the previous one, especially they are remarkable in the northern Japan and the coast of Japan Sea. Because these regions are covered by deep snows in winter and their rivers discharge the snow-melting water in spring season, the temperature of the rivers deos not rise so high as on the Pacific Coast. They vary greatly from place to place and time to time, so it is hard to explain them in brief.
3. Coastal Sea (Fig. 2 i-n)
The ratio for the coastal sea water shows nearly the same magnitude as those of lakes and reservoirs discussed above. In winter they indicate the values between 0.5 and 1.0 and in summer 0.1 and 0.15. In the northern part of Pacific coast (East coast of Hokkaido and off the coast of Sanriku) negative values are indicated in spring and early summer.
4. Ground water
In this report, ground water temperature of a place is considered to be nearly equal to the mean annual air temperature of the place. The range of the annual variation of the ratio is wider in the northern Japan. In early summer, negative values are shown all over Japan.
In the practical application of Bowen's ratio, it is desirable to express it in easily observable terms such as θ_w, θ_a or Δθ. As shown in Fig. 4. a relation similar to the saturated vapor pressure-temperature curve is obtained between vapor pressure and temperature of air. It is expected from the relation shown in Fig. 4 that Bowen's ratio depends closely upon the difference between water and air temperatures. This relation is shown in Fig. 5, and by using the the monthly mean water and air temperatures Bowen's ratio for each kind of water body at each region in Japan is evaluated from the graph.

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Writer has made studies about the effect of sunspot number on the yealds of paddy field rice at Suwa Region, Nagano Pref., using data for 271 years from 1690 to 1960. And following results were obtained.
(1) Bad harvests of ten take place at about several years off and on when the sunspot numbers are minima in her 11-year period. On the contrary good harvests at the years when they are maxima (Fig. 1).
This tendency is seen when we use the absolute minima number of sunspots, that is, in many cases harvests of paddy rice are bad at the years when the absolute numbers of sunspots less than 40 (Table-2).
(2) Years in which the annual mean temperature are less than the normal value, are correspond ing to years when the sunspot number are less than about 40 (Fig-2). And this fact is more notable in summer, but in winter is little (Fig-3 and 4). The same tendency is seen in the summer duration of sunshine, too (Fig-6).
(3) Hot summers next to hot winters are frequently seen in the time when sunspot numerous, and cold summers next to cold winter are seen when they are small.

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