EUでは1992年から幾つかの作物に対し, 制度的な価格の引き下げと直接補償制度の導入により, 初めて根本的なCAP改革が行われた. 本稿では, イタリア, マルケ州を事例にして, CAP改革が, 様々な地理的条件で営んでいる農家においてどのような収入の変化をもたらしたかを検証した. 方法としては, 従来の統計モデルより効果的に, 農家から直接集めたデータに適用し得る多層ニューラルネットワーク (MFNN) モデルを採用することを試みた. このモデルを使うことによって, EUの農業会計情報網 (FADN) の膨大なデータベースが処理可能となり, EUにおける様々な地域間の比較分析ができるようになった. このMFNNモデルを適用したことにより, 制度的な価格の引き下げと直接補償制度の導入の影響が個別に計算できるようになった. その結果, 肥沃な地域では過剰に補償されていることが明らかになった. なぜならば, 各農家に対する従来の補償金の試算方法では農地条件の差による歪みが生じていたからである. 事実, EUでは, 現在の試算方法は面積当たりの作物生産量のみを考慮しているが, 分配の平等性を改善するためには, 複数の試算方法を適用してより妥当な補償方式を検証すべきであることが示される.

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The Korean rose industry is increasing production quantities and extending its production areas by the active support of the Korean government and have recently achieved high returns. But the sudden increase in supply and production areas in the rose industry have created excess surpluses, causing the rose prices to drop gradually. In this article, the effect of increasing quantity upon the rose price is analyzed by using Armington Model. According to the results, the fluctuations in the rose price in the most productive areas are largest during winter season and are smallest during summer season. Therefore, to minimize the fluctuations of price and to stabilize their incomes, first, the producers need to prevent excess shipments to the rose market by cultivating those types suitable to their production areas. Second, the shipments need to be dispersed into the other markets when the shipments are increased suddenly. Third, high quality control and strict sorting of products are needed to achieve high valuation from the market. Forth, the producers in the production areas in which the price is low need to keep their incomes in stable condition by managing their businesses well. Fifth, government support is needed to stabilize the rose prices in the Korean rose industry.

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An econometric study of the technical efficiency of agriculture in the Soviet Union before its collapse has not been done so far. In this paper, an attempt is made to measure the technical efficiency of agriculture for 15 republic countries of the Soviet Union from 1960 to 1990. We calculated four measurements of technical efficiency, ROIN, PTE, SE and MIX, and determined whether they converged or not. The measured total technical efficiency ROIN showed that these values were all very low and continued to decrease until 1990, just before the collapse of the Soviet Union. We also checked the degree of convergence of these efficiencies, but found that most of them did not converge but instead diverged. The fall of the Soviet Union would be explained by many factors. Our study was able to show that the large scale agriculture conducted in Russia like kolkhoz and sovkhoz was very inefficient, and that the efficiency went from bad to worse over time. Therefore, they could not control the agriculture of other countries even if they had them adopt the same agricultural policy as that applied in the Soviet Union. In this paper, we showed that agricultural inefficiencies of 15 republic countries were one of the reasons why the Soviet Union collapsed, by using the above econometric measurements.

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