To evaluate the effect of climate change on crop productivity, several econometric studies have considered farm responses to climate change as well as the agronomic impact of such change. These models assume profit maximization as a principle of farm behavior. Climate change generally affects not only the average weather condition, but also the variability of weather. Most existing climate models project an increase in the probability of extreme weather such as drought. Hence, if the weather condition during crop season is a risk factor for farmers, climate change may increase the level of risk, and the farmers must respond to it.
By assuming expected utility maximization on the part of farmers, this paper develops a simple reduced-form econometric model which takes into consideration the responses of farmers to the change of weather risk. The model is then applied to wheat production in Adana, which belongs to a semi-arid area of Turkey. The estimated result suggests that the farmers will react to an increase of weather variability by decreasing the expected yield of wheat. Finally, by combining the results of the econometric model with those of the climate model given by other studies, the impact of climate change on the yield is quantified. The results show that, if we take into consideration the weather variability risk factor, climate change will lead to a decrease in the yield of wheat in all regions of the area studied, but, if not, climate change will not have a clear impact on the yield.

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本稿では，戦後日本における海外移住政策について，従来ほとんど検討されていなかった農林省サイドの動向に焦点をあてて考察を行った．その結果，農林省サイドの海外移住政策には人的系譜・政策の位置付け双方における満洲農業移民政策との連続性が見出された．海外移住を人口政策として捉えていた外務省サイドでは1960年代以降事業推進の動機が失われるのに対して，農林省サイドでは時々の政策課題に応じた位置付けが与えられた．加えて，海外移住は外務省にとって大東亜省発足にともなって新たに付加された事業であったのに対して，農林省においては戦時期に重要国策として取り組まれた経緯があった．戦後長期にわたって海外移住が推進されたことを外務省サイドの動向のみから説明することは困難である．農林省によって与えられた農業政策としての側面に着目することが必要だろう．
また，現在30万人以上におよぶ日系ブラジル人の「デカセギ」現象について，1990年の入管法改正に先立つ戦後移民の「還流」形態が大きな影響を及ぼしていることを指摘した．日系ブラジル人労働者に関する先行研究ではほとんど言及されることはないが，戦後移民の存在を抜きに現在の「デカセギ」を説明することは困難である．従来，満洲移民研究・戦後移民研究・外国人労働者研究は相互を参照することなく行われてきたが，今後は積極的な対話が望まれよう．

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The number of Japanese short horn breeding farmers has been decreasing since the liberalization of beef import. The objective of this paper is to analyze the conditions under which the current strength of Japanese short horn breeding farmers can be maintained or increased. Toward this purpose, I surveyed the manner in which farmers obtain roughage in Iwate Prefecture’s main production area. It was clarified that the local roughage production and supplying system supports the middle-sized farmers by supplementing their self-supplied roughage and thus enables them to engage in forestry or diversified farming.

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Many Japanese rural villages face the problems of depopulation and aging. The Kyoto prefectural government is thus working on fostering newcomer farmers. However, there is not much money in the field of agriculture. Moreover, the farm management situation in Japan is at a disadvantage. The purpose of this study is to clarify the measures that need to be taken in order for existing farmers to continue farming and for newcomer farmers to settle down in the rural community.
The results of the study are as follows: (1) most of newcomer farmers feel that their agricultural incomes are not adequate, although they are satisfied with rural village life, (2) it is possible to classify newcomer farmers into four groups on the basis of their expectations from their agricultural undertaking, such as income or the benefits of rural life, and (3) there are differences among these groups with regard to the various rewards stemming from their entry into the field of agriculture. These results suggest that we may be able to formulate effective advice for farming applicants if we are able to ascertain the group that they belong to.

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We have considered the establishment of a community corporation as an act of entrepreneurship and conducted a case study on the sustainable competitive advantages of community corporations. We have established that a management or an organization can be considered as an aggregation of information management resources, and an unseen asset constitution can be a resource for determining sustainable competitive advantages. We are yet to observe the features of community corporations engaged in solving social problems such as sustaining the regional society, land conservation, and so on, by focusing on their characteristics.
In this report, we describe the result of our research on the functioning of community corporations for more than three years. We show that the accumulation of unseen asset creation is the origin of sustainable competitive advantages of a community corporation as a social entrepreneur.

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This study aims to clarify effects of farm scale expansion on the maintenance of irrigation canals and wildlife control fences in local communities. The study was conducted in 12 communities in Wakasa town, Fukui prefecture. The main findings are as follows: (1) farmers cultivating larger area paid a higher share of the maintenance expenses for wildlife control fences in areas farmed only by residents, whereas the residents shared the expenses and work for erecting and repairing the fence equally in the areas farmed by both residents and non-residents; (2) residents participated in the additional maintenance of irrigation canals in areas farmed only by residents, whereas they did not do so in areas farmed by both residents and non-residents. The results suggest that the expansion of farming across various communities makes it difficult to adequately maintain facilities such as irrigation canals and wildlife control fences in the community.

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This research examines the potential of a multilayered intermediary system for the acceptance of immigrants in Ayabe City, Kyoto Prefecture. Previously, single intermediaries faced difficulties in meeting the needs of immigrants as well as those of the local people, because they did not have a sufficient number of houses to rent or sell and could not select a suitable immigrant who would settle effortlessly into the community. The study area considered here is Ayabe City, Kyoto Prefecture, which has 3 intermediaries, namely, Ayabe City, nonprofit organizations (NPOs), and local people. The conclusions of the study are as follows: (1) All intermediaries cannot collect sufficient information on vacant houses directly from the house owners. (2) Ayabe City and the NPOs are efficient at collecting immigrant information because of their wide presence within and outside the city. (3) The local people and the NPOs are efficient at finding vacant houses for immigrants since they are in contact with the house owners and the local people.

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This paper aims to analyze the relationship between migrants living away from their families in villages. First, we analyzed the actual condition of the relationships the migrants had with their families in villages and the factors responsible for such relationships. Second, we analyzed the intention of the migrants to support their family’s rice farming activities and if it was difficult for their families to continue farming without their support.
In the case study area, the ratio of migrants supporting their family’s rice farming activities is higher than that in the comparison area (the Kitakanto region). Otherwise, few migrants send remittances to their families in the villages. This reality is reflected in the intentions of both the migrants and their families in villages.

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Recent agricultural policies have largely been community-based. A farmer in a community has two roles: (1) as an individual and (2) as a member of a social group.
In order to promote community-based agricultural policies, it is necessary to clarify the relationship between a farmers’ decision-making process and these two roles.
This study examines the case of farmers’ participation in community-based group farming.
Farmers decide to participate in community-based group farming on the basis of their subjective evaluation of experience gained by participating in such activities.
We classified the experiences that farmers gained by participating in community-based group farming and measured the farmers’ subjective evaluation of each experience.
We clarified the differences in the subjective evaluations by individual attributes or community conditions.
Furthermore, we examined policies that could be effective in facilitating the formation of groups for community-based group farming.

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In hilly and mountainous areas, the direct payment is still necessary after the second stage from 2005 to 2009. However, most areas where people made the rural community agreement for this system are facing serious problems including an aging population. This paper clarifies the determinants of continuing this agreement that comprises each farmer’s will and focuses on the farmers’ awareness levels. The conclusions are as following: (1) the determinants of direct payments in hilly and mountainous areas include not only the direct activity improving agricultural production but also the activity facilitating the non-agricultural events of the community. (2) The farmers who make the agreement in the third stage will be more interested in the community’s activities and its revitalization. (3) In order to continue this agreement, two measures are essential; one is the activity to facilitate non-agriculture and the other is the activity to raise community awareness.

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This study presents the domain for the educational program of cooperative education on food and agriculture, which should be independently established, by clarifying the following three points.
1. The orientation and significance of applying principles and methods of cooperative education to the disciplines of food and agriculture;
2. The role, significance, and challenges of cooperative education from the prevailing practices in the United States and Japan;
3. The definition of cooperative education in the domain of food and agriculture as an educational program that nurtures conceptual power and planning ability by taking advantage of agronomics and fosters different viewpoints toward agriculture and rural areas through field studies.

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The purpose of this paper is to analyze the trends in the public works expenditure related to the improvement project of agriculture and agricultural village, and the regional difference in the project contents in Hokkaido. Our specific results suggest that in recent years the budget for the improvement project of agriculture is decreasing, while the budget for the rural area improvement and the agricultural land resources conservation have been on the increase. However, in the Abashiri area of Hokkaido, a lot of budgets are used for projects related to infrastructure construction and improvement of upland fields. We also find that the contents of the improvement projects of upland fields in the Abashiri area were changed. In late years the project that doesn’t impose the scale expansion condition has increased more than projects that impose it.

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The distribution rate in wholesale markets has decreased because of the diversity in the marketing of agricultural products.
Competition between wholesale markets has intensified because the unification and reorganization of wholesale markets by the government has led to the concentration of large-scale wholesale markets.
In this study, we focused on companies in small-scale wholesale markets that persist with their management strategy under such situations, despite being small in size.
This paper analyzes the management strategy of three companies in the wholesale market of Okayama prefecture on the basis of a hearing investigation and proposes an effective management strategy for companies in small-scale wholesale markets.

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In recent years, the demand for vegetables has been decreasing. However, due to the development of externalization and the requirement for simplicity and ease in meal preparation, the market size of ready cut vegetables has increased. In addition, the suppliers of ready cut vegetables are interested in domestic vegetables for security-/- relief of food storage. Therefore, the suppliers become an important point of sale for vegetables, but, in the case of ready cut vegetables, the stipulated quality and standards are different from that for normal vegetables. Therefore, this report clarifies the correspondence with and the problems faced by the production district in dealing with contract farming of ready cut vegetables.

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This paper mainly aims to clarify the characteristics of consumers in urban areas with regard to their visits to the farmers’ market based on an appropriate arrangement of items. For this study, we selected A farmers’ market that is located in Tottori City. The results indicate that a majority of the customers visiting the markets in the morning are in the age group of fifty or more and with three family members. However, customers visiting the market in the afternoon belong to the age group of forty or below and have about four family members. Our study suggested that an order of arrangement for the items should be properly selected for the market by using point of sale (POS) data. The findings of another study reveal the importance of establishing an organization of farmers and improving its accounting system.

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The objective of this paper is to investigate how fruit farmers deal with the management problems arising from global warming. We approached these issues by conducting a questionnaire survey on grape growers in Yamanashi. From the result of statistical tests and a regression analysis, we clarified the following the three points. (1) Global warming has had both positive and negative impacts. Among the negative impacts, the most serious concern is that many negative impacts are expressed on the duration of the ripening period. (2) In contrast, many advantages of warming also exist. (3) We can point out three factors that allow farmers to take counter measures: first is the age factor, meaning that the younger the farmer, the more likely he is to take counter measures; second is the commitment to their management from the perspective of long-term and high-intensity contributions; and third is holding the knowledge of the damage and the capacity to prevent the same.

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A case study concerning the establishment of a composting manure supply organization mainly run by arable farmers was the subject of our research. To develop and maintain the activity of the organization, the following questions must be resolved: 1) getting skillful operators to produce composting manure of satisfactory quality, 2) securing a production site, facilities and machines required to produce composting manure, 3) getting and gathering local composting materials, 4) establishing the organization responsible for management and accounting, 5) establishing how the organization is to make profits and funds to provide for foreseeable great outlays such for the renewal of machines. Additionally, the organization should, through solving the above issues, be equipped with a system that allows the related arable farmers to be able to afford manure of a satisfactory quality at an advantageous price.

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For conserving coral reefs, seagrass beds, and other marine habitats, countries along the Kuroshio Current are now implementing community-based marine resource management initiatives, including the implementation of fishery regulations, watching and warding illegal fishing activities, and the establishment of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). However, a MPA constrains local fishermen’s activities and their sources of income. In this study, we analyzed the relationship between the behavior of fishermen with regard to their choice of fishing grounds and their income levels in the case of the San Miguel Island MPA in the Bicol Region, the Philippines. Out of 1,035 households that we randomly sampled for a baseline survey, we interviewed 329 households in Sagurong and Rawis villages. Using this data, we determined equations for fishermen’s behavior in their choice of fishing grounds and their income from fishing. These two variables were mutually dependent; therefore, we tested them for endogeneity and proposed an appropriate econometric model along these lines.

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The purpose of this paper is to clarify the background, development, and policy of Nongjiale a representative form of rural tourism in China while considering its significance in Chinese policy.
First, I examined the No. 1 Document, comparing the contents of the 2006 and 2009 versions. This comparison showed that the focus of the No. 1 Document had been narrowed down to support the local management. Further, when comparing the contents of the announcements concerning rural tourism that were made from 2006 and 2007, an increased description of rural policy was found in those made in 2007. Also, it can be said that there was a gradual placement of contents of No. 1 Document as a concrete, practical policy.
From the above, Nongjiale can be viewed as a promising measure toward solving rural economic problems and it can be surmised that, in the future, Nongjiale will exceedingly be looked upon as a measure toward developing the local economy.

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The consumer questionnaires done in the cities southward from Chang Jiang revealed that per capita rice consumption had been decreasing due to consumption of non-staple food and wheat products. In addition, about half of the answerers to the questionnaire had increased their japonica rice consumption. Consumers with a taste for sticky rice account for about 60% of the answerers. These indicate that southward from Chang Jiang, where the majority of rice produced is indica rice, there is a large market for Northeast rice, i.e., sticky japonica rice. On the other hand, most answerers indicated a taste for aromatic rice, which is related to rating Thai rice highly. Therefore, it is assumed that enlargement of the market for Northeast rice is conditioned by the relative price to indica rice and the possibility of breeding japonica rice as an aromatic rice.

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The purpose of this paper is to identify the forms of farm household relations within the rural community of the Lowland area of Lao in view of the market-oriented economy of recent times. By comparing two hamlets, different forms of mutual cooperative reliance among neighboring farm households are brought to light with the help of the “sociometry” method. Dependency was found to be based on the traditional norms of organizational hierarchy in one of the hamlets. The other hamlet, however, was characterized by individual and flexible partnerships and multiple activity connections. In other words, a new type of hamlet-based cooperative dependency is coming to the fore under the market-oriented economic conditions of recent times.

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インドで有機農業を発展させるためには，有機農産物を有利に販売するための流通経路の形成が必要である．アウランガーバードにある総合農村開発施設（IIRD）は，NGOとして無償に近い有機農産物認証制度と有機農産物の農産物直売所（オーガニック・バザー）を小規模な農家に提供している．本稿では，オーガニック・バザーで有機野菜を販売している農家を対象にアンケート調査を行い，オーガニック・バザーが農家に与える影響を検討した．調査結果から，（1）小規模農家を中心に有機野菜の生産が行われており，（2）オーガニック・バザーで野菜やスパイスを直売することによって小規模農家の所得は増加しており，（3）有機野菜の生産を増加させる農家が存在していることが確認された．

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