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Volume 49 (1994 - 199･･･
- Issue 6 Pages 950-
- Issue 5 Pages 852-
- Issue 4 Pages 753-
- Issue 3 Pages 637-
- Issue 2 Pages 533-
Volume 49, Issue 4
Displaying 1-9 of 9 articles from this issue
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Toshihide TSUDA, Eiji YAMAMOTO, Akira BABAZONO, Yoshio MINO, Takanori ...1994 Volume 49 Issue 4 Pages 753-761
Published: October 15, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: February 17, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEpidemiologic research designs using the Annual of the Pathological Autopsy Cases in Japan (APAC hereinafter) are discussed in this paper. The APAC data base has been recommended for use in epidemiologic research. However, it has not often been utilized for such research, even though it covers all pathological autopsy cases in Japan, perhaps because of different sampling proportions of each disease and because of the dead control series in APAC. First, we present epidemiologic measures in using the APAC. We show that the data base can be treated as a case-control design and that the magnitude of the exposure effect should be estimated by an odds ratio. Next, selection bias and information bias in using the APAC are discussed. The independence of the control series from the exposure is important in the determination of the control disease. Because this design is based on intenal comparison, non-differential misclassification should be stressed more than differential misclassification.View full abstractDownload PDF (1186K) -
Atsushi KANEKO, Tomiyoshi KIMURA, Kousuke MORI, Tooru TSUNODA, Kouichi ...1994 Volume 49 Issue 4 Pages 762-772
Published: October 15, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: February 17, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe conducted a surveillance to clarify the relationship between risk factors for diseases of adulthood and lifestyle in a Japanese rural community, Hinohara Village, a small village outside of Tokyo. The survey, carried out from 1981 to 1990 among residents aged 40 and over, comprised physical examination and blood chemistry with a questionnaire about dietary intake.
Mean systolic blood pressure significantly decreased (p<0.0001) from 140.9mmHg in 1981 to 132.3mmHg in 1990, whereas mean serum total cholesterol, mainly of male examinees, increased (p<0.0001) from 181.4mg/dl in 1981 to 191.7mg/dl in 1990. Dietary salt intake significantly decreased (p<0.0001) from 14.3g/day in 1981 to 12.1g/day in 1990.
Adjusted mortality rate per 1, 000 residents from cerebrovascular disease in this village decreased from 1.80 in 1981 to 0.50 in 1990. In contrast to its decline, the mortality rates from heart disease, bronchitis/pneumonia and neoplasms were 0.40, 0.35 and 0.55 in 1981 and increased to 1.25, 1.10 and 0.64 in 1990.
The prevailing practice of maintaining a low-salt diet might cause the decrease of systolic blood pressure, which in turn was thought to decrease the mortality rate from cerebrovascular diseases. Although our previous study before 1981 suggested that total cholesterol was one of the preventive factors against cerebrovascular disease, in the present study a preventive effect of cholesterol was not substantiated. In contrast, cholesterol is a possible risk factor for ischemic heart disease. Thus, a changing pattern of risk factors of diseases of adulthood was observed in this village.View full abstractDownload PDF (1215K) -
Type A and Laboratory Hyperreactors in Japanese Male StudentsMotokazu YANAGI1994 Volume 49 Issue 4 Pages 773-781
Published: October 15, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: February 17, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe correlation between the Type A behavior pattern (TABP) and cardiovascular reactivities was studied in 16 Japanese male students (24.6±1.7 years).
TABP was rated in 139 male students in their twenties with a Japanese version of JAS Short Form N (J-Q) and a Japanese version of Koskenvuo's questionnaire (K-Q), which is modified from Bortner's scale. A preliminary study was requested of those whose Type A scores were in the highest third or the lowest third both with J-Q and K-Q. After 29 males were recruited, 28 normotensives were invited to participate in this study, and 16 of them responded.
Physiologic and biochemical reactivities to stress tasks (mental arithmetic and cold pressor) were measured as predictors of cardiovascular diseases, and the correlation between reactivities and TABP scores was examined. Blood pressures and pulse rates were monitored by arterial tonometry over the left radial artery with a CBM3000 (Nippon Colin, Aichi). Blood samples were taken through an 18-gauge butterfly needle placed in a left superficial forearm vein.
These stress tasks were conducted double blindly.
There was no relation between TABP scores and biochemical reactivities. Both J-Q and K-Q scores, however, correlated moderately with reactivities of systolic (r=0.49 and 0.43, respectively; not significant) and diastolic (r=0.61 and 0.51, respectively; both p<0.05) blood pressures in a cold pressor test.
These data support the construct validity of Japanese TABP questionnaires, and the author believes in the utility of these questionnaires.View full abstractDownload PDF (1020K) -
Masamichi WADA1994 Volume 49 Issue 4 Pages 782-790
Published: October 15, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: February 17, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to clarify the relationship between water pollution and bacteria decomposing organic substances, 48 samples of river water were collected at twelve stations of the Chikuma-Sai river system. The bacteria decomposing organic substances were enumerated and identified by GM plates, which contained fewer organic substances than agar plates. Sixteen biological-physicochemical examinations of the river water were also performed. The results were as follows: temperature and dissolved oxygen in river water influenced the number of bacteria decomposing organic substances; proportions of bacteria decomposing degradable organic substances were higher in summer and spring than those in winter and autumn; the proportions of bacteria decomposing undegradable organic substances were higher in winter and autumn than those in other seasons.
Organic substances were decomposed mainly by Aeromonas, a coliform group of facultatively anaerobic Gram-negative rods, and Pseudomonas, Gram-negative aerobic rods. Organic substances decomposed by facultatively anaerobic Gram-negative rods were much more degradable than those decomposed by Gram-negative aerobic rods. It seemed that the bacterial population of Aeromonas and the coliform group in river water increased with increases in the effluent of domestic and sewage abundant in degradable organic substances. Although Gram-positive rods were hardly isolated from river water, most of them decomposed undegradable organic substances.
These results suggest that most bacteria decomposing organic substances are mainly distributed in river water and soil, and that modification of the river environment influences self-purification of rivers.View full abstractDownload PDF (2880K) -
diurnal and daily changes of SOS-inhibition activity of urineNobuhiro YAMAMOTO, Wataru SUGIURA, Hiroshi KOSAKA, Sei-ichi NAKAMURA1994 Volume 49 Issue 4 Pages 791-796
Published: October 15, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: February 17, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe found that human urine suppressed SOS-responses induced by furylfuramide (AF-2), as detected by the umu test using Salmonella typhimurium TA1535/pSK1002. In the present report, we studied the time stability of the SOS-inhibition activity in urine. The diurnal and daily changes of SOS-inhibition in the urine were also observed.
Results obtained were as follows;
1) SOS-inhibition activity of the urine remained stable more than one month after the urine was frozen.
2) Individual variation was observed in the SOS-inhibition activity of the urine.
3) Total SOS-inhibition activity of per a day showed relatively small variation during experimental days.
4) The SOS-inhibition activity of urine was higher early in the morning than in the daytime. The activity fell gradually with time in the daytime and showed the lowest value in the evening. Then, it rose again at night. Therefore, it is necessory to collect urine at specific times to avoid the differences caused by diurnal changes in SOS-inhibition activity.View full abstractDownload PDF (619K) -
Angelo J. G. BOS, Ping YUAN, Akie MARUTA, Shigeo MATSUYAMA, Masao ARAI ...1994 Volume 49 Issue 4 Pages 797-806
Published: October 15, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: February 17, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSObjective: to observe the influence of aging on urinary secretion of 3-hydroxyproline (3-Hyp) in normal subjects and in cancer patients and study the effects of aging on the accuracy of urinary 3-Hyp as a general-purpose cancer screening test.
Design: We reanalyzed, from the aspect of gerontology, the amounts of 3-Hyp in the urine samples of the 211 healthy persons and 94 patients with cancer reported earlier. The two groups were divided in 3 age subgroups: adult, 30 to 44 years, middle-aged, 45 to 64 years, and aged, 65 years and older. The cancer stage was separated into 3 categories: stage 1, the early stage without any invasion, stage 2, locally invasive with no distant metastasis, and stage 3, advanced cancer. The correlation of age and urinary 3-Hyp was analyzed in normal subjects and cancer patients. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated for different cutoff points in the diverse groups to construct the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves.
Main Results: We observed that aging decreases the urinary secretion of 3-Hyp in normal subjects, with a correlation coefficient of -0.250 (p<0.001). The mean levels of urinary 3-Hyp in patients with cancer were significantly higher than in the normal subjects, p=0.005. The correlation coefficient of urinary 3-Hyp and age was not significant (0.100) in cancer patients. The cutoff points of 0.800mg/g creatinine of urinary 3-Hyp for persons under 65 years of age and 0.600mg/g creatinine for persons 65 years or older were the best thresholds for cancer screening. In the ROC analyses, we observed that 3-Hyp has higher accuracy for cancer screening in the aged group for all stages together and in the aged and middle-aged for early stages of cancer.
Conclusions: The urinary 3-Hyp test was more effective for cancer screening in old persons (65 years or older), where cancer is more frequent and more difficult to discover. The authors stress the necessity and importance of verifying the effectiveness of urinary 3-Hyp for general cancer screening in a larger population and in a community set.View full abstractDownload PDF (996K) -
(Part 2) Effects of Age and Menopause on Bone Mineral Density Evaluated by Biochemical Markers of Bone MetabolismHarumi NISHINO, Tomoko TANAKA, Yoshiko DOHI, Masayuki IKI, Etsuko KAJI ...1994 Volume 49 Issue 4 Pages 807-815
Published: October 15, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: February 17, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSBone mineral density of the lumbar spine (BMD) and biochemical markers for bone turnover were examined to study the mechanisms of age-related and menopause-related bone loss. We measured BMD of the lumbar spine and serum bone alkaline phosphatase (B-AlP) and bone gla-protein (BGP) as markers of bone formation and fasting urinary creatinine-adjusted hydroxyproline (Hyp/Cr) and calcium (Ca/Cr) as those of bone resorption in 166 community-dwelling Japanese women.
A highly significant positive correlation between age and each of the biochemical markers, except for Ca/Cr, was observed. This relationship was not linear. Marked elevation in the levels of the markers was found in women in their sixth decade women compared with those in their fifth.
All the markers correlated inversely with the BMD and these relationships remained significant after elimination of the effect of age by partialization. When analyzing the subjects in each five-year age group, the positive correlation of Hyp/Cr with Ca/Cr was significant in the subjects aged 45 to 49 and the negative correlation of Hyp/Cr with BMD was significant in those aged 50 to 54. B-AlP correlated positively with BGP in the subjects aged between 50 and 54 and inversely with BMD in those aged between 55 and 59. These correlations were significant. Thus, intercorrelations between the markers were observed five years earlier than were correlations between the markers and BMD. Such associations appeared earlier in terms of the markers for bone resorption than in terms of the markers for bone formation.
In the subjects aged 50 to 54 who had encountered menopause more than three years previously, BGP and Hyp/Cr were elevated compared with those in the premenopausal women of similar age and a significant correlation between Hyp/Cr and BMD was observed. Therefore, menopause seemed to account for the uncoupled activation in the bone metabolism found in the subjects around 50 years of age.
The decrease in bone mass observed in our subjects around 50 years of age as a result of uncoupling of bone formation and resorption was suggested to be initiated by activation of bone resorption caused by menopause preceding activation of bone formation.View full abstractDownload PDF (1158K) -
Motoaki KURIYAMA1994 Volume 49 Issue 4 Pages 816-826
Published: October 15, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: February 17, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSI have carried out fundamental experiments to observe the mechanical properties of peripheral arteries in healthy subjects using photosensors. To assess the mechanical properties, I measured them and evaluated the severity of peripheral vascular disturbances in 33 chain saw workers. On the basis of the intrinsic volume-pressure relationship in normal arteries, the elasticity was evaluated through the vascular volume ratio (V/V0) at which transmural pressure (Ptr) was 30mmHg. Furthermore, nonlinearity with a clear onset and the maximum point of the AC component of the intensity of transmitted light (Δ I), with a rapid increase of vascular volume around this point, were observed through changes in V/V0. This nonlinearity was also observed through changes in relative vascular volume (V/VP40) for the reduction rate of cuff pressure (Pc) from systolic blood pressure to 40mmHg. The significantly low value of V/V0 (Ptr=30mmHg) in old healthy subjects compared with young subjects suggested that V/V0 (Ptr=30mmHg) tended to decrease with aging. It was impossible to calculate V/V0 because the normal nonlinearity was not observed in many measurements for chain saw workers. The arterial properties observed in these workers were classified into four types based on nonlinear changes: the normal type (Type N); Type I, in which the onset and maximum points of Δ I were detected but V/V0 showed an abnormal value; Type II, in which the maximum point was not detected, and Type III, in which it was difficult to detect even the onset point. These four types were separated from changes in V/VP40 with the reduction of Pc. The classification of severity due to arterial opening delay, which was evaluated by changes in V/VP40, corresponded to the alternations in nonlinearity in arteries. The results obtained in this study indicate that the peripheral vascular disturbance in chain saw workers is to be understood as an arterial opening disturbance with the loss of normal nonlinearity, in connection with an organic abnormality of arteries.View full abstractDownload PDF (1528K) -
Kazumasa TSUKAMOTO, Kazuhiko MACHIDA, Yasuhiro INA, Takao KURIYAMA, Ka ...1994 Volume 49 Issue 4 Pages 827-836
Published: October 15, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: February 17, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effects of several types of crowding on immune functions were studied in mice. This study consisted of two experiments.
Experiment one: Male BALB/c mice were initially housed in groups of four mice per cage. After fourteen days of acclimation, the mice were randomly divided into three groups, Control (four mice per cage, control group), Crowd-I (four mice per small space) and Crowd-II (sixteen mice per cage). These conditions were maintained for seven days. The results of experiment one were as follows: (1) The percentage of lymphocytes in the blood of Crowd-II was significantly lower than that of Control (p<0.05). (2) The percentage of neutrophils and the absolute number of neutrophils in blood of Crowd-II were significantly higher than in Control (p<0.05). (3) Superoxide production activity (NBT reduction activity) of blood neutrophils in Crowd-II tended to be depressed, and phagocytic activity of neutrophils was significantly depressed in Crowd-II as compared with Control (p<0.01). These results suggest that the complexity of interrelationships among mice caused by an increase in the number of animals per cage is a very important stress factor.
Experiment two: Male BALB/c mice were initially housed in groups of five mice per cage. After fourteen days of acclimation, the mice were divided into three groups, Control (five mice per cage, control group), Crowd-(1) (five mice per small space) and Crowd-(2) (twenty mice per cage). In Control and Crowd-(1), the same mice were used as in the acclimation period. These conditions were maintained for seven days. In this period, on the second day, all the mice were injected intraperitoneally with sheep red blood cells (SRBC). The results of experiment two were as follows: (1) The specific humoral immune response to SRBC was investigated in terms of the number of PFC in the spleens and hemagglutination in sera, but significant differences were not found among the groups. (2) Plasma IgG levels in the Crowd-(1) were significantly higher than those in Control (p<0.05). (3) Both superoxide production activity and phagocytic activity of neutrophils were significantly depressed in Crowd-(2) as compared with Control (p<0.01, respectively), whereas each neutrophil function of Crowd-(1) tended to be enhanced as compared with Control. These results suggest that when group members do not change after initial acclimation, a decrease of personal space may cause enhancement of immune functions in mice, and it is considered that changing the mice in a cage itself affects their immune functions.View full abstractDownload PDF (5423K)
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