Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi (Japanese Journal of Hygiene)
Online ISSN : 1882-6482
Print ISSN : 0021-5082
ISSN-L : 0021-5082
Volume 43, Issue 3
Displaying 1-8 of 8 articles from this issue
  • Sumie Yamanaka, Yuji Suyama, Masao Nishimura
    1988 Volume 43 Issue 3 Pages 707-716
    Published: August 15, 1988
    Released on J-STAGE: February 17, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Various organophosphorus compounds, particularly those with low acute toxicity levels, such as Fenitrothion (common name; Sumithion), Fenthion (common name; Baycid) and Pyridaphenthion (common name; Ofunack), are widely used as insecticides around the world. PAM (2-Pyridinum aldoxime methiodide), the specific antidote against Parathion, is not very effective against poisoning by these organophosphates.
    This paper reports on the efficacy of PAM and other oximes (Pro-PAM, Toxogonin, TMB-4, and PAD) on toxic symptoms and inhibition of ChE (Cholinesterase) by organophosphates (Dichlorvos, Fenthion, Fenitrothion and Pyridaphenthion). The results were as follows.
    1. PAD, a high lipid soluble oxime, was not suitable as an antidote against organophosphorus poisoning because it caused irritation and had its own high toxicity.
    2. TMB-4 reactivated blood ChE inhibited by organophosphates to the same level as PAM. But the oxime is no practical use as an antagonist because of high toxicity.
    3. Pro-PAM, the prodrug of PAM, and Toxogonin, which has been used practically in Germany, could lighten the toxic symptoms of organophosphorus poisoning to the same level as PAM. The efficacy of these oximes was maintained for 2-3hrs.
    4. Pro-PAM, Toxogonin and PAM were able to reactivate blood ChE inhibited by Pyridaphenthion and Fenitrothion, but these oximes couldn't reactivate ChE in brain and other tissues.
    5. There was no difference in the antidotal action of PAM, Pro-PAM and Toxogonin because of the same reactivation level of blood ChE and the same recovery pattern of serum ChE isoenzyme.
    Therefore, it became clear that Pro-PAM and Toxogonin were not more effective against organophosphorus poisoning than PAM. It seemed that a continuous dose of PAM was more effective, and furthermore, that the antidotal effect of PAM should be potentiated by atropine and other therapy.
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  • Tetsuo Ando, Ichiro Wakisaka, Tsuguo Yanagihashi, Mineshi Sakamoto
    1988 Volume 43 Issue 3 Pages 717-723
    Published: August 15, 1988
    Released on J-STAGE: February 17, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Four groups of male Wistar rats, 4 animals in each, were fed a diet containing 3ppm of methylmercury in addition to ion exchange water containing 0% (control), 1%, 2% and 4% ethanol for drinking during the 40-day experimental period. Samples of urine and feces were collected every 8 days and the brain, liver and kidneys excised at the end (day 40) of the experimental period were analysed for concentrations of inorganic and organic mercury to investigate the effect of ethanol on the accumulation or excretion of mercury. Results obtained were as follows:
    1) The volumes of drinking water and urine tended to decrease in concert with the increased percentconcentration of ethanol. However, there were no significant differences in the amount of feces between the rats given ethanol-containing water and the control rats given ion-exchange water alone.
    2) The amounts of fecal inorganic mercury in rats given ethanol-containing water were not significantly different from those of control animals given water alone. However, significantly less urinary inorganic mercury was observed in the groups of rats given ethanol-containing water during the period of the last 8 days (33-40) of the experiment, when compared to the control group.
    3) Significantly lower levels of urinary organic mercury were obtained during the period of the fourth 8 days (25-32) of the experiment for the group given 2%-ethanol-containing water, and during the periods of the second (9-16), third (17-25) and fourth (25-32) 8 days of the experiment for the group given 4%-ethanol-containing water, when compared to the control group.
    On the other hand, a significant increment of fecal organic mercury was observed during the period of the last 8 days (33-40) of the experiment for the groups given 2%- or 4%-ethanol-containing water.
    4) No significant differeces were observed between the groups given ethanol-containing water and the control group given water alone for the mercury concentrations in the liver and kidneys. However, brain levels of inorganic and organic mercury tended to decrease with the increased percent-concentration of ethanol and significantly lower levels were present in the group given 4%-ethanol-containing water when compared to the control group.
    5) Based on these results, the effects of ethanol on the distribution and excretion of mercury in rat tissues were discussed.
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  • Takeo Nakagawa, Yuichiro Ono, Naomi Hisanaga, Kanemitu Iwata, Eizi Sib ...
    1988 Volume 43 Issue 3 Pages 724-735
    Published: August 15, 1988
    Released on J-STAGE: February 17, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    We examined the relationship between muscle injection of drugs into the quadriceps and its contracture.
    Subjects were children who had received medication at a clinic during the period from January 1967 to December 1970. Among the patients of the clinic, a high incidence of quadriceps contracture had been observed during the period.
    As basic data, we took the results of interviews with the subjects, the results of clinical examinations for quadriceps contracture, and medical records of the subjects which had been kept in the clinic.
    The following results were obtained.
    1) There were no abnormalities among the subjects who had never been injected in the quadriceps muscle. The incidence and the severity of quadriceps contracture were closely related to the total amount of the drugs injected into the muscles.
    2) The total numbers of injections of the following drugs were significantly larger in subjects with symptoms of contracture than in subjects without any symptoms.
    The drugs were Terramycin (Ox-tetracycline), Obelon (Sulpyrin, Aminopropyrin, Theoclate diphenyl pyralin), Chloromycetinsol (Chloramphenicol), Atarax-P (Hydroxyzin hydrochloride), Gammavenin (immuno-Globlin), Panvitan (Vitamin A-D), 10%-Pantocin (Pantethine) and Phenobarbital (Phenobarbital natrium).
    3) It was revealed by means of quantification theory type II analysis that the main attributable factors of muscle contracture might be the age when the subjects had been injected for the first time, the total number of Terramycin+Obelon injections, and the experience of injection of 10% Pantocin or Phenobarbital, but sex and the year of the beginning of injection might be ignored.
    Discrimination based on these results between the two groups, a normal group and a moderate or more severe symptomatic group showed reasonable sensitivity and specificity.
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  • Tamotsu Miyoshi, Masahide Imaki, Takeshi Yoshimura, Kazuoki Matsumoto
    1988 Volume 43 Issue 3 Pages 736-740
    Published: August 15, 1988
    Released on J-STAGE: February 17, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The effects of vitamin C intake on percentages of LDH-4 and LDH-5 fractions were examined in 5 healthy volunteers. The experiment lasted 43 months (usual diets; 12 months, usual diets+vitamin C 1g/day; 24 months, usual diets; 7 months). The variations of the percentages of LDH-4 and LDH-5 fractions were measuerd.
    The results obtained were as follows.:
    The percentage of LDH-4 in all subjects decreased with vitamin C adminstration, and decreased significantly (p<0.05) from 8.3±0.98% to 6.9±0.75% after 24 months.
    The percentage of LDH-5 in all subjects decreased after vitamin C administration, and decreased significantly (p<0.05) from 9.4±4.9% to 8.0±3.95% after 24 months.
    It is possible to conclude from the results that the percentages of the LDH-4 and LDH-5 fractions were affected by long-term vitamin C loading.
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  • Chiharu Nishigaki, Kozo Tatara
    1988 Volume 43 Issue 3 Pages 741-748
    Published: August 15, 1988
    Released on J-STAGE: February 17, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    A recent trend in the hospital care of old persons is for the patients to be older and for the stay to be longer. This study was on the hospital care of elderly inpatients in terms of bed-days, admission rate, diseases and insurance points paid with either National Health Insurance (NHI) or Social Health Insurance (SHI). Data were obtained from the medical insurance records for the month of January 1985 for inpatients aged 70 or more of H city, Osaka prefecture. The number of inpatients covered by NHI was 360, and that covered by SHI was 447.
    More residents of this city aged from 70 to 79 were insured by NHI than by SHI, but fewer persons aged 80 or more. About half of the residents insured by NHI were men and half were women, but with SHI, twice as many insured residents were women.
    The admission rate (number of inpatients per 100 insured persons) was 5.0 with NHI and 7.0 with SHI, which difference was significant. The number of inpatients per 10, 000 insured persons who had diseases of the circulatory system, digestive system, musculoskeletal system and connective tissue with SHI was significantly higher than that of inpatients with NHI. The proportion of inpatients with a long stay (one year or more) was 23%. The rate was significantly higher with SHI than with NHI. With NHI, the proportion of patients who received more than 2, 000 points of insurance payments tended to be higher than with SHI. The proportion of patients who received 1, 000 to 1, 499 points tended to be higher with SHI than with NHI.
    The results suggested that social factors as well as medical ones affected the hospital care given to old persons. It is thought that especially women aged more than 75 tend to become insured by SHI, changing from NHI after the deaths of their spouses. This tendency caused the different structure of diseases or care at home, and a different situation in the medical care of elderly patients is observed. Thus, the recent trends in hospital care of elderly inpatients are more strongly affected by persons insured by SHI than by those insured by NHI.
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  • Based on the data of the Harpenden Growth Study
    Kenji Matsumoto, Tsutomu Mino, Hiroki Konishi, Tatsuo Shiraishi, Yoshi ...
    1988 Volume 43 Issue 3 Pages 749-753
    Published: August 15, 1988
    Released on J-STAGE: February 17, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    By making use of the data of the Harpenden Growth Study with a high degree of measurement accuracy, the maximum increment age (MIA) was calculated by three methods; i. e., the proportional allotment method (PA method), the graphical fitting method (GF method), and the theoretical function fitting method (FF method). The MIAs gained by these three methods were analyzed based on the regression line which went through the origin of the coordinate axes. The results were as follows;
    1) The slope of the regression line of MIA by the PA method on MIA by the GF method was 0.9972 and the coefficient of determination was 0.9640. The MIAs by both methods agreed well with each other.
    2) The slope of the regression line of MIA by the PA method on MIA by the FF method was 1.0032 and the coefficient of determination was 0.9831. They also showed a considerable agreement with each other.
    3) MIA by the PA method agreed with MIA by the GF method no less than MIA by the FF method.
    4) MIA by the PA method did not change very much even if annual physical examinations were carried out at various times of the year.
    5) Finally, it was made clear that these findings proved the PA method to be convenient as a calculation procedure for working out MIA and suitable for analyzing the acceleration of growth. It is concluded that the PA method is no less accurate in computing MIA than the other two methods.
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  • Noritaka Oyamada
    1988 Volume 43 Issue 3 Pages 754-762
    Published: August 15, 1988
    Released on J-STAGE: February 17, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The behavior of the metabolites of selenite, dimethyl selenide (DMSe) and trimethylselenonium ions (TMSe), administered to mice was studied. There were 2 groups of mice; one was used for single administration and the other was used for 10 repeated administrations. The selenium compound, sodium selenite, was injected into the stomach at the dose of 4mg Se/kg/day.
    The results are as follows:
    1. The largest amounts of methylated selenium in mice were found to be TMSe within 6h after single administration of sodium selenite and were excreted in urine rapidly.
    2. The respiratory excretion of DMSe reached a maximum 6h after single administration and contained 1.6% of the administration dose of Se. When selenite was continuously administered, the amounts of exhaled DMSe increased according to the number of administrations and reached a plateau after 4 administrations.
    3. The Se concentrations as TMSe were determined in water soluble fraction in liver and kidney, and 6h after single administration, corresponded to 1.31% and 0.16% of the administered dose of Se in liver ane kidney, respectively.
    4. TMSe excretion in urine reached a maximum 6h after single administration that was 78.9% of total Se concentration in urine. TMSe was measured every 24h after continuous administration. The amounts of TMSe in urine ranged from 63.7 to 68.1% of total Se concentration in urine and ranged from 20.1 to 21.0% of the administered dose. TMSe was found to be the major form of selenium metabolite in urine.
    5. TMSe was also determined in water-soluble fraction of feces and amount of selenium as TMSe was observed to be 1.9% of total Se concentration in feces untile 24h after single administration.
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  • Kazuo Hayakawa
    1988 Volume 43 Issue 3 Pages 763-777
    Published: August 15, 1988
    Released on J-STAGE: February 17, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    A gemellological study was conducted on serum concentrations of lipids and electrolytes, blood pressure and obesity to estimate the relative strength of genetic and environmental influences. The subjects were 107 pairs of adult twins (81 monozygotic pairs, 26 dizygotic pairs), who were residing in the community and aged over 50. The items examined in this study were total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglyceride, β-lipoprotein, phospholipids, free fatty acid, apolipoproteins (A-I, A-II, B, C-II, C-III, E), thrombocytes, uric acid, Na, K, Ca, blood pressure, skinfold thickness, body weight and body height. The heritability was estimated from the data of male twins through variance analysis. The difference of environmental variance between monozygotic and dizygotic twins was statistically adjusted through multi-regression analysis.
    1) Regarding the serum lipids, strong heritability was shown in HDL cholesterol (0.667), apo B (0.667) and LDL cholesterol (0.608). On the other hand, triglyceride, apo A-II and apo C-III showed a low level of heritability (0.2 and less).
    2) Serum electrolytes (Na, K, Ca) and uric acid showed a low level of heritability (under 0.3).
    3) Blood pressure showed a relatively high level of heritability (systolic: 0.549, diastolic: 0.598)
    4) Strong influences of environmental factors were shown in skinfold thickness.
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