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Volume 32 (1977 - 197･･･
- Issue 6 Pages 691-
- Issue 5 Pages 613-
- Issue 4 Pages 529-
- Issue 3 Pages 429-
- Issue 2 Pages 353-
Volume 32, Issue 4
Displaying 1-7 of 7 articles from this issue
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Yoshiyuki Gotoh, Ichiro Nashimoto1977 Volume 32 Issue 4 Pages 529-533
Published: October 30, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: February 17, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA total of 152 precordial detections of decompression bubbles was carried out in 91 caisson workers with the Doppler Ultrasonic Bubble Detector.
The results were as follows:
1) Most of the bubble signals appeared and attained to their maximum grade within 60 minutes after decompression.
2) The appearance or increase of blood bubbles was accelerated by clenching the fist or raising arms above the shoulder height. Many workers, however, dislike these movements for fear of suffering from decomperession sickness.
3) Of 152 detections, bubble signals were heard in 88 (58%). They were heard in all cases of decompression sickness which requires treatment (13 bends and 3 chokes). On the other hand, 48 cases with bubble signals were asymptomatic.
4) The occurrence and grade of decompression bubble signals at successive jobs seemed to depend on the decompression schedules.View full abstractDownload PDF (625K) -
I. Geographical distribution of cancer mortality in TokyoToshiteru Okubo, Shiro Adachi, Toshio Toyama1977 Volume 32 Issue 4 Pages 534-542
Published: October 30, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: February 17, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn July 1973, the Administrative Management Agency of Japan formally adopted the standard method of areal division by square grid for the use in statistics. Since then, the square grid method has gradually been used by Census and other many governmental statistics. One of the characteristics of this method is that it is consistant and scarcely affected by revision of administrative divisions. As it is easy to define the location of each square grid area by the X-Y coordinate, various computer techniques which have been developed in recent years could be well adapted for tabulation and analysis. Although this method has rarely been used in the fields of vital statistics or epidemiology, it should be investigated whether this method can be applied or not to these fields with the above-mentioned advantages. It is the purpose of this paper to evaluate the square grid method applied to the geographical distribution of cancer mortality rate in Tokyo. As a result of investigations regarding the size of division for the cancer mortality statistics, the standard square grid area that is approximately 1km2, is most suitable. When the number is too small for analysis in the case of the site with rather small proportion among cancer, 4 or 9 areas should be summed up. The geographical distribution of cancer mortality rate in Tokyo by site indicates that remarkable contrast is observed between the patterns of stomach cancer and lung cancer in both male and female. Death rate of stomach cancer is noted to be higher in the northeastern Tokyo, while that of lung cancer is higher in the southwestern half.View full abstractDownload PDF (1190K) -
Hiroaki Kahyo, Toru Doi, Keiko Higa, Rumiko Yamashiro1977 Volume 32 Issue 4 Pages 543-555
Published: October 30, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: February 17, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe aim of this study is to investigate the secular trends in the mean birth weight of the total births (including the single and multiple births) by prefecture and region, using the vital statistics of the Japanese government.
The tables of frequency distribution of the birth weight of total births by sex and by prefecture are available only from the year of 1960 and annually since 1968, with the 10 classes of 500g intervals: ∼999; 1, 000∼1, 499;……; 4, 500∼4, 999; 5, 000∼.
The mean birth weights and their standard deviations of each available year (1960, 1968∼74) were computed by sex and by prefecture and region (Table 1, 2). The remarkable increase of the mean birth weight is readily noted at the prefectural and regional levels (Fig. 1). This probably is due to the socioeconomic improvement of Japan during these periods. The regression coefficients of the straight lines were computed from the time series of the mean birth weight. This linear regression coefficient corresponds to the annual increase rate of each prefecture and region between 1960 and 1974 (Table 1, 2). The statistically significant negative associations are recognized between the annual increase rates and the mean birth weights of certain years (especially of 1960) (Table 3). This negative association suggests that the annual increase rate is closely related to the levels of the birth weight of each prefecture and region. According to the regression equation in Fig. 2-(1), the mean birth weight in 1960 is 3, 251g in males and 3, 165g in females at the zero point of the annual increase rate at the prefectural level. A discussion was made about the terminal level of the mean birth weight in the future.
Then the coefficients of the rank correlation and the coefficients of the variation of the mean birth weight were computed by sex in each year at the prefectural and regional levels. In spite of the gradual decrease of the variation in time, the areal differences of the mean birth weight were clearly noted (Table 4, 5). At the prefectural level for example, Hokkaido and Aomori are always classified in the higher group, Shizuoka and Shimane always in the lower group (Table 6, 7).
In the discussion we emphasized the necessity and the importance of further investigation about the genetic and environmental (natural, socioeconomic and biological) factors related to the areal differences during these periods in Japan, so as to clarify the public health significance of the birth weight as a community health indicator.View full abstractDownload PDF (1625K) -
Shimu Fujibayashi1977 Volume 32 Issue 4 Pages 556-566
Published: October 30, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: February 17, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis investigation was undertaken to study the role of changes in the level of erythrocytic 2, 3-DPG during adaptation and acclimatization reactions of organisms in a hypoxic environment. The following are the results obtained from human subjects and animals when they were exposed to hypoxic environments in a hypobaric chamber or by the inhalation of hypoxic gas.
1) The relationship among the 2, 3-DPG levels of normal subject's blood, anemic patient's blood as well as ACD-stored blood and blood P50 value was found to be as follows: the P50 is increased by the presence of 2, 3-DPG and the right shift of the oxyhemoglobin-dissociation curve was reconfirmed.
2) Differences in human subjects and species of animals were observed in 2, 3-DPG concentration at sea-level. There was a negative correlation between the hemoglobin concentration and the 2, 3-DPG concentration. Hence, it is presumed that the tolerance for hypoxic environment among different species is related to the 2, 3-DPG level.
3) In experiments where human subjects were exposed to acute hypoxic environment in a hypobaric chamber, the 2, 3-DPG level increased rapidly after exposure. In experiments where human subjects and animals (dogs, rabbits) were exposed to chronic hypoxic environment for 7-14 days, a high level of 2, 3-DPG was maintained during the period of exposure. It decreased rapidly when the exposure was terminated.
The 2, 3-DPG is considered to be one of the important mechanisms of adaptation and acclimatization that facilitates the supply of oxygen to hypoxic tissue resulting from a hypoxic environment. This mechanism can be added to the generally recognized compensatory mechanisms, such as increased cardiopulmonary function, or increased hematopoietic activity, etc.
4) Rabbits were exposed to various oxygen concentrations of hypoxic gas. The 2, 3-DPG level showed a steady increase with 10% oxygen; however, it was unstable at below 10%. This report suggests that there is a limit in the adaptability of increased 2, 3-DPG levels to hypoxia and that the effects is unreliable in a altitude environment above 5, 500 meters (below 1/2 Ata).View full abstractDownload PDF (1571K) -
Hirokadzu Kodama, Hideo Ota1977 Volume 32 Issue 4 Pages 567-573
Published: October 30, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: February 17, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEpidemiological study on the transfer of PCB to infants from their mothers was investigated from 1974 to 1976. The following samples were collected and analyzed for PCB: maternal blood and cord blood at delivery, maternal blood, infant blood and breast milk at 3 months after birth, and infant blood at 1 year and 2 years after birth.
The level of PCB in the breast milk was nearly middle level in Japan. The levels of PCB in the cord blood and the maternal blood at 3 months after birth were lower than that in the maternal blood at delivery, significantly. When the cord blood was considered as the infant blood at birth, the level of PCB in the blood of breast fed infants rose gradually with ingestion of breast milk, exceeded the level in the blood of their mothers after 3 months, and tended to increase until 1 year and then significantly decreased at 2 years after birth. However, the level of PCB in the blood of artifically fed infants remained at the low concentration level during the same period.
These results suggested that the amount of PCB from lactation was higher than that from placenta on the transfer of PCB to infants from their mothers.View full abstractDownload PDF (938K) -
(1) Analytical method and its findings on 25 elements in hair samples from various parts of JapanHisayuki Teraoka, Jun Kobayashi1977 Volume 32 Issue 4 Pages 574-587
Published: October 30, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: February 17, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe emission spectrographic method for simultaneous determination of more than 20 elements in human hair and tissues, plants, soil, and suspended solids in river water has been developed in our laboratory. Applying this method, Kobayashi, one of the authors, found very high concentrations of Cd in tissues of the Itai-Itai disease patients in 1960 and hence the clue to the cause of this disease was discovered.
In this paper the spectrographic method is descrived, together with its results on 25 elements in hair samples.
From 0.5 to 5.0kg of hair samples (a mixture from hundreds or thousands of people) were collected from 21 barber shops and 7 beauty salons in various unpolluted places of Japan, were washed and mixed thoroughly in an electric washer with shampoo and water. 3mg of sample ash and 17mg of graphite powder were mixed and burned until all the mixture volatized in a DC arc (300V, 12A) and the argon-oxygen atmosphere which is effective in eliminating the CN-bands and decreasing the background. The gap between the electrodes was kept at 4mm during the burning time, and the middle part (1mm) of the arc was left to be exposed on the film by the midway focusing method. A 7-step rotating sector was used.
Negligible matrix effects, good reproducibility, and a sufficient agreement of the analytical results with those of atomic absorption spectrophotometry were noted. The results are shown in Table 8. Female hair was found to have higher concentrations of ash, Ca Zn, Mg, Cu, Pb, Sr, Ba, Sn, Ni, Cd, V and Co and lower concentrations of Si and Al than male hair (Tables 9 and 10).
From polluted areas by industry, other 5 samples were collected and analyzed. Higher concentrations of Si, Fe, Al, Ti, V and Zr were found in the hair of people living near iron works; higher Zn (female only), Pb, Cd and lower P concentrations in those living near a zinc smelter; and higher Ni, lower P (female only) and B (female only) concentrations in those near chromium chemical works (Table 11).View full abstractDownload PDF (4435K) -
Part 3. Comparison of biological properties with airborne and human origin staphylococciHidehiko Nakata, Masayoshi Yokota, Eri Furukawa, Tadao Kawarabayashi, ...1977 Volume 32 Issue 4 Pages 588-594
Published: October 30, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: February 17, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSBiological properties of airborne and human carrier staphylococci were investigated in order to examine their interrelationships. Airborne staphylococci were isolated by the impinger or pin-hole sampler method and carrier-borne were removed from the nose, hair and forearm skin of students by cotton-wool swabs. Coagulase test, deoxyribonuclease (DNase) test, lysozyme test, anaerobic mannitol fermentation test, α-hemolysin test and classification of colony type formation on serum-soft agar were carried out with these samples.
The results obtained are summerized as follows:
1. With the isolated airborne staphylococci colonies, coagulase positive and compact-type colony formation on serum-soft agar were very few, while DNase, lysozyme, mannitol and α-hemolysin were found in a high percentage. Airborne staphylococci showed characteristic patterns in their biological properties.
2. Carrier rates of coagulase positive and compact-type colony formation were higher when isolated from nose as compared with skin and hair. On the contrary, DNase positive rates were higher in hair and skin.
3. Human origin staphylococci in nose, hair and skin showed characteristic patterns in their respective biological properties. There was a wide difference between the biological properties of hair-borne and airborne staphylococci. However, staphylococci in skin and nose that had been isolated showed almost the same positive rates in each biological test when compared with airborne staphylococci except for coagulase and DNase, respectively.
These results suggest that variations in DNase and coagulase activities of staphylococci dispersed from skin and nose into the air are caused by environmental changes, and that airborne staphylococci show characteristic biological properties.View full abstractDownload PDF (916K)
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