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Volume 57 (2002 - 200･･･
- Issue 4 Pages 615-
- Issue 3 Pages 547-
- Issue 2 Pages 475-
Volume 57, Issue 2
Displaying 1-8 of 8 articles from this issue
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Takehito TAKANO2002 Volume 57 Issue 2 Pages 475-483
Published: May 15, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: February 17, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis is a review article on “Healthy Cities”. The Healthy Cities programme has been developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) to tackle urban health and environmental issues in a broad way. It is a kind of comprehensive policy package to carry out individual projects and activities effectively and efficiently. Its key aspects include healthy public policy, vision sharing, high political commitment, establishment of structural organization, strategic health planning, intersectoral collaboration, community participation, setting approach, development of supportive environment for health, formation of city health profile, national and international networking, participatory research, periodic monitoring and evaluation, and mechanisms for sustainability of projects. The present paper covered the Healthy Cities concept and approaches, rapid urbanization in the world, developments of WHO Healthy Cities, Healthy Cities developments in the Western Pacific Region, the health promotion viewpoint, and roles of research.View full abstractDownload PDF (1658K) -
Keiko NAKAMURA2002 Volume 57 Issue 2 Pages 484-489
Published: May 15, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: February 17, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe WHO Healthy Cities Project has been developed in Europe to place health high on the agenda of city decision-makers. It has promoted comprehensive local strategies for health and sustainable development. Cities endorse principles and strategies, establish project infrastructures, work on specific goals, products, changes, and outcomes, and invest in formal and informal networking and cooperation. Consistent research and development efforts are contributing towards a more evidence-based policy making and to the emergence of a framework to meet the demands of the new public health movement.View full abstractDownload PDF (1103K) -
Naoko SAKURAI, Gyokuren TOMOYAMA, Tsukiko WATANABE, Yoshinori FUJIWARA ...2002 Volume 57 Issue 2 Pages 490-497
Published: May 15, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: February 17, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSBackground: A new model for Health Promotion was proposed by WHO in 1986.
Purpose and Method: The purpose of this paper is to review public participation and empowerment in Health Promotion by reviewing case reports and original papers.
Results: The main results can be divided into two categories, public participation, and empowerment, The main results are as follows;
1) Health promotion involves the population as a whole in their everyday lives, rather than focusing on people who are sick or at risk for specific diseases.
2) The use of participatory and empowering approaches in the evaluation process has the potential to strengthen the public's capacity for organizational learning and improve their own health status.
3) It is possible to improve health conditions by using empowerment interventions:
(1) The need to adopt an ecological approach that simultaneously addresses empowerment.
(2) Policy-makers need to take a longer-term approach to empowerment interventions, including proper longitudinal studies to enhance the evidence base for such interventions.
4) Satisfaction is central to the delivery of health and human services. The most critical factor in service delivery is providing quality care and user merit.
5) In developing people-oriented health technologies, priority should be given to the availability of lay resources and to indigenously developed health practices.
6) Empowerment is the most important idea within health promotion. It is often a difficult concept for health professionals to grasp since most have been trained to consider health care providers as experts and the patient as a recipient of this expertise.
7) Health care specialists can contribute considerably to the development of a collaborative, family-oriented approach in the development of self care. The possibilities for such an undertaking depend on the establishment of working relationships at two interfaces: between the health care specialist and his/her client families. A framework for developing these relationships is proposed: involvement, collaboration, and empowerment.
8) The individual should also be given a greater opportunity to actively participate in the design and planning health care services.
9) In the Health Promotion program, it is important to provide a working and living environment in which respect for each other's humanity can be shared.View full abstractDownload PDF (1467K) -
Historical Background and Path DependenceYutaka MOTOHASHI, Yosihiro KANEKO2002 Volume 57 Issue 2 Pages 498-504
Published: May 15, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: February 17, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe historical background and the path dependence of objective-setting public health policy are described in this review. The New Public Health movement appeared in the 1980s and was inspired by the Ottawa Charter on Health Promotion. This movement is based on the idea that public health is mostly promoted by creating a supportive environment for health as well as by individual efforts toward a healthy life style. The first objective-setting public health policy called Healthy People was proposed in USA, 1979, under the influence of The Lalonde Report published in Canada, 1974. Goals and targets were set in order to reduce the mortality of American people. This project led to Healthy People 2000 and Healthy People 2010. In the 1990s, objective-setting public health policies prevailed in Western countries, such as United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, and also in Japan. The objective-setting public health policy is the application of the management by objectives in the health policy domain. This policy is especially accepted in Anglo-Saxon countries where public sector reform was conducted on the basis of the New Public Management theory in the 1980s, which is when the WHO Regional Office for Europe started the Healthy Cities project that emphasized a network of project cities. The Health 21 in 1999 is another model of object-setting public health policy.
A comparative study of four different objective-setting public health policies (USA, United Kingdom, WHO Regional Office for Europe, and Japan) was conducted regarding the goals and domains of the targets, methods of targeting, and evaluation of the project. The goals were almost identical in the four public health policies, while the domains of the targets were different. These differences were explained by the past experience of public health policy development in each country.View full abstractDownload PDF (1255K) -
Mitsuko ONDA, Koichi KONO, Takemasa WATANABE, Misuzu WATANABE, Mitsuya ...2002 Volume 57 Issue 2 Pages 505-512
Published: May 15, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: February 17, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSObjectives: To clarify the needs of home care service users needs from a community pharmacy and the functions related to home care in a suburban area.
Methods: A questionnaire on pharmacy services and functions was submitted to 472 home care service users in a suburban area. Gender, age, family status, presence of carers, health condition, home care services being used, prescription and pharmacy utilization status, presence of family pharmacy, and recognition of the need for drug management guidance by home visiting pharmacists were surveyed as well as the users' needs from a community pharmacy and its functions. Using these results, principal component analysis was performed.
Results: It was found that the users had a great need for the following services and functions: adequate medication instruction, listening attentively to users, and a good attitude from pharmacists and clerks. Meanwhile, the users' need for home care related services was relatively low, i. e. counseling about home care and welfare services, provision of a home visiting service, and provision of home care supplies. Also, principal component analysis indicated that users' needs consisted of five components, viz, medical services, material supply, convenience, readiness of service provision, and consideration of privacy. Regarding home care related services, counseling about home care and welfare services was related to the medical services; provision of home care supplies was related to the material supply; provision of a home visiting service was related to convenience.
Conclusions: It was shown that users did not clearly recognize a service need for home care services as a new function of community pharmacies. Rather, users recognized the need for home care services connected to these already provided by community pharmacies. Therefore, information provision and education are necessary so that users can clearly understand the details and merits of the home care services which community pharmacies provide.View full abstractDownload PDF (1569K) -
Takahisa SUENAGA2002 Volume 57 Issue 2 Pages 513-521
Published: May 15, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: February 17, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSObjectives and Methods: In this study, the relationship of physical activity with aerobic capacify and health checkup results were examined among 288 men aged 45.7 (mean)±8.13 (SD) years. Physical activity was evaluated from a 3-day activity record and expressed as metabolic-equivalent (MET) (/day). Total caloric intake was evaluated from a 3-day dietary record. VO2max was measured as the index of aerobic capacity, and body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio (WHR), % fat, and increase in body weight from 20 years old were used as indices of body composition.
Results: In multiple regression analysis, MET value, % fat, WHR and increase in body weight from 20 years old were independently and significantly associated with VO2max. As MET value was a significant predictor, it may be important to evaluate physical activity not only during leisure time, but also throughout the whole day. In addition, preventing total body fat and abdominal fat increase seemed important to maintain and to increase aerobic capacity.
To grasp the pattern of physical activity more precisely, subjects were classified into 6 groups (A: sedentary, B: sedentary+ walking, C: sedentary+ brisk walking, D: sedentary+ exercise, E: active, F: active + exercise), and each variable was compared using one-way analysis of variance and post-hock test analysis (Tukey method). MET value increased in the order of groups A, D, E and F. Groups D and E showed no significant difference in the VO2max and MET value, while both groups showed significantly higher values than those of group A. Therefore, aerobic capacity differed not only according to the presence of habitual exercise, but also according to whether the subjects had an active daily life. When sedentary, it seemed important to be active for about 1-hour/day. Regarding body fat, group F showed the lowest value in each variable. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures, and blood triglyceride levels were highest in group A and lowest in group F, suggesting the effects of an active daily life and habitual exercise. In group A, the total caloric intake was also highest. Therefore, improving the total lifestyle, including diet, was also considered necessary.
Conclusions: Classification of subjects according to their pattern of physical activity may be useful in health education settings to increase physical activity and to prevent life-style-related diseases.View full abstractDownload PDF (1660K) -
Shinichi TANIHARA, Yosikazu NAKAMURA, Hiroshi YANAGAWA2002 Volume 57 Issue 2 Pages 522-526
Published: May 15, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: February 17, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSObjectives: To clarify the attitude of physicians toward the diagnosis and reporting on patients with foodborne disease after implementation of infectious disease prevention and medical treatment to patients as per the Infectious Diseases Act of 1999.
Methods: A questionnaire, including experience of diagnosis and reporting on patients with foodborne disease, was mailed to all physicians in charge of AIDS treatment in medical facilities established as AIDS core hospitals.
Results: Out of the 391 AIDS core hospitals, 224 (57%) cooperated with the survey. Seven hundred and four questionnaires were distributed to physicians and 681 (97%) were returned. The number of physicians with experience of diagnosing patients with foodborne disease was 391 (57%). One hundred and sixty-six physicians (57%) answered “Reported occasionally” and fifty-five (14%) answered “Never reported”. The two main reasons for not reporting were “Did not report because I thought there were no other cases” and “Did not report because the case was not so severe”.
Conclusions: A single or sporadic case must be reported by physicians to health authorities to ensure an early alert of illness or potential illness that could affect communities.View full abstractDownload PDF (781K) -
Mitsuko ONDA, Koichi KONO, Takemasa WATANABE, Misuzu WATANABE, Mitsuya ...2002 Volume 57 Issue 2 Pages 527-534
Published: May 15, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: February 17, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSObjectives: To clarify the factors affecting a general practitioner's demands and the recognition of service cooperation with community pharmacists related to home care in a suburban area.
Methods: A questionnaire on pharmacy services and functions was administered to 215 general practitioners in a suburban area. Gender, age, specialty, length of practice, status of home visiting, requests for community pharmacists, awareness of a home visiting service by community pharmacists, status of issues about home visiting orders to community pharmacists and the criteria for deciding to issue an order, recognition of the necessity of a home visiting service by pharmacists, expectation value to the community of the pharmacists' participation in the home care service and requests, recognition of cooperation with other home care related professions, ease of cooperation with community pharmacists, disincentives for cooperation with community pharmacists, factors necessary to promote cooperation between practitioners and community pharmacists, and factors necessary to promote the home care system were surveyed. Using the results, x2 test and principal component analysis were performed.
Results: It was found that the general practitioners' main demands were support and management of pharmaceutical therapy. Meanwhile, the practitioners' low cognition of pharmacists' home visiting seemed to be one disincentive to cooperation with pharmacists. Every practitioner who had issued visiting orders to pharmacists practiced home visiting and issued the visiting orders based on patients' condition at home. Practitioners who practiced home visiting were more active in promoting the home care system and had a better cognition and more extensive demands for pharmacists' home visiting compared to practitioners with no home visiting. Practitioners with good recognition of cooperation with community pharmacists had better cognition, realized the necessity of, and expected pharmacist's home visiting compared to practitioners with low awareness. However, practitioners' overall recognition of cooperation with pharmacists was relatively low. As disincentives, practitioners pointed out lack of acquaintance, the unclear function of pharmacists, and no opportunity for cooperation. So, enhancing practitioners' awareness of home care, clarifying the pharmacist's role, establishing a relationship of mutual trust through information feedback and/or exchange based on practice would be effective in promoting service cooperation with community pharmacists.View full abstractDownload PDF (1381K)
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