In the past two decades, the combined strately based on the threefold forces of clinical, laboratory and epidemiological disciplines has virtually led to the conquest of infections, at least of their lethal types. The term “epidemiology” has thus been responsible for new interpretation. Epidemiologists are turning their attention to neoplasms, chronic degenerative conditions, air pollution disasters and congenital malformations. Extensive knowledge improved in a short space of time indicates that a majority of human monsters originate as fetal manifestations induced by environmental insults especially in early pregnancy. The association of maternal rubella and developmental defects in the offspring was first pointed out in Australia. The recent tragic episode with thalidomide warns that new remedies for pregnant women should not be administered during the early months of pregnancy unless they were warranted to be free from danger. An excess of hormone, the anticarcinoma substances and exposure of developmental embryo to ionizing radiation also cause congenital anomalies. The increasing incidence of mongolism, which is a condition with an abnormality of chromosome number, with increasing maternal age seems well established. To-day, investigators believe the over-all incidence of major malfomations to be some five per cent of total live-births. After meditating about these complex facts, the author claims that it is high time to challenge the control of human monsters a terms of environmental preventive medicine.

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The registration of death and disease for atomic bomb survivors is not be enforced at the present time. Research workers have been depending on the limited data in some area to study on a statistical problem of atomic bomb survivors and, some times, samples studied were not adequate to represent the atomic bomb survivors in the whole. Investigators should take considerations in this point.
The author calculated expected death rates of atomic bomb survivors in Hiroshima Prefecture applying death rates by sex and age of all Japan, Hiroshima Prefecture and the medical records from ABCC. The population of atomic bomb survivors over 15 years was of National Census in Hiroshima Prefecture 1960. Death rates of both all Japan and Hiroshima Prefecure over 15 years were also of 1960. The mortality in the medical records of ABCC was of October 1950-June 1958.
In the comparison between expected death rates of atomic bomb survivors and actual death rates of all Japan or Hiroshima Prefecture over 15 years, the former rates were always higher than the latter in male, female and both sexes. The expected death rate of male atomic bomb survivors showed the highest discrepancy from the actual death rate of all Japan male over 15 years, being 60% higher than the latter. A medical record of ABCC, i.e. ST-100 sample, seemed to be not adequate to represent the atomic bomb survivors in Hiroshima Prefecture.

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Medical supplies such as absorbent cotton, paper cotton, gauze, sticking plaster and sutural silk thread artificially contaminated by E. coli, Staphyl. aureus, B. subtilis, Mycobact. tubercul. and Clostoridum histol. were irradiated by γ-rays of Co⁶⁰ for the purpose of sterilization. They were completely sterilized for the dose of 2×10⁶ rad, and their essential qualities as a medical supplies were not damaged. But above 1×10⁷ rad, their qualities were damaged and they became not suitable for practical use.

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