The city of Hiroshima owes an enormous debt of gratitude to Dr. Kinji Gonda, whose guidance culminated in its Guidelines for Science and Technology Policy in the 21^<st> Century. Truly innovative industrial policies have been implemented based on these Guidelines. One example is the highly successful automobile design and engineering company we created based on Dr. Gonda's technology cluster theory. Hiroshima's future will depend, to some extent, on Dr. Gonda's visitor industry strategy, in accordance with which we are working to double our total number of visitors between 2001 and 2010. Another important and quite unexpected legacy of Dr. Gonda's approach is the campaign to abolish nuclear weapons by 2020 now being implemented by Mayors for Peace, a Hiroshima-based NGO that boasts more than 1200 member cities in 114 countries and regions. Hiroshima intends to prove to the world the vital importance of Dr. Gonda's intellectual contributions by achieving this goal.

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The present work reviews the research activities of the late Kinji Gonda, a pioneering figure in the study of regional science and technology (S&T) policy and innovation. His work in the National Institute of Science and Technology Policy and its later development, implications in policymaking and international applications attests his clear foresight. The author reviews how Gonda's analysis of regional S&T resources (organizations, researchers, expenditures, etc.) served as fundamental information in evaluation and further development of regional S&T policies, and has established itself in the national system of policy formation and evaluation in the second-term Science and Technology Basic Plan. The author's "Composite Indicators", based on Gonda's factual survey and analysis, has been helpful in evaluation and analysis of regional S&T and innovation activities. The comparative analysis on S&T Parks which Gonda conducted in the middle 1990s lead to regional cluster studies which flourished later in many countries and stimulated related policy programs in Japan. Gonda was also instrumental in initiating the Regional Science and Technology Policy Research conference (RESTPOR), an international meeting of specialists intended for verification and further development in international context of research outcomes obtained in Japan. He has lead fine consecutive RESTPORs to a great success.

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Iwate Prefecture has been in close contact with Prof. Gonda since the beginning of its science and technology (S&T) promotion initiatives in 1989. To commemorate his achievements, we held a roundtable discussion by five persons who know him well on his contribution to the prefectural policy for promotion of S&T and industry, particularly his research on trends in S&T parks, along with some of his catchwords for Iwate. Gonda pioneered in recognizing tendency of decentralization and necessity of regional autonomy, and proposed practical methodology for sustainable innovation based on S&T resources. His amazing foresight has been amply verified in many aspects. We only wonder what strategy Prof. Gonda would develop for the accumulation of S&T resources in Kitakamigawa region which is now approaching the critical mass to form an S&T park. The discussion reflects our will to realize the dream he evoked in us. We express our hearty gratitude to the guidance of Prof. Gonda, a great admirer of Kenji Miyazawa and pursuer of his utopia Ihatovo.

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The theory developed by Gonda for elucidating geographical distribution of industry is reviewed to extract viewpoints useful for study on the regional systems of innovation. Some political implications of the theory are derived using empirical data related to Gonda's research agenda. Gonda's concept of "semantic space", intended for explanation of factors that give rise to industrial agglomeration, means absolute proximity of actors in a space, since the actor is inseparable from the space. This is in contrast the relative proximity of actors as derived in the clustering policy. The authors have performed a survey on enterprises in Hokuriku district to demonstrate that the competitive edge of the district is based on the diversification starting from the local industry, and that the diversification succeeded due to sharing a semantic space by enterprises and their customers. They also argue that success in diversification should be supported by corresponding diversity in regional policies.

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In order to apply control mechanisms found in biological phenomena to social design, K. Gonda developed a theory of "fields" which simulates the process of knowledge creation in a community as a dynamically stable system involving self-organization under multiple controls. This theory is an original type of cluster theory, which focuses attention to the spillover of knowledge in a community. Meanwhile, in other countries, the network analysis has been developing which focuses on the network of actors in a particular region as a knowledge generation system, while the recent evolutionary economics argues that the flow of knowledge in a cluster is selective and heterogeneous depending on the relational distance between enterprises in the cluster, thus criticizing econometric assumption that emphasizes the role of spatial distance in the flow of knowledge. Thus the cluster theory in Europe and America has overcome simplistic knowledge spillover model based on the spatial distance between the actors and proceeded to an approach based on the system theory. The current studies by the author on clusters from the viewpoint of network analysis have led him to reaffirm Gonda's foresight incorporated in his research agenda.

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本論では, 農業技術研究開発が日本全体に及ぼす経済的効果(インパクト)の特性を考慮した評価手法を提示し, 具体的に生産物改良型の研究開発である水稲品種開発技術を事例として, 当該技術の効果を体系化し, 対象とする効果の特性に応じて, 経済的効果の算出方法を明確化し, 経済的効果を算出した。水稲品種開発技術を事例とした経済的効果の評価については, 平成12年度新たな農業政策に関する行政手法導入支援事業「これまでの技術開発施策に対する評価に関する調査研究」の一環として(社)農林水産先端技術産業振興センターからの委託により(株)三菱総合研究所が行った調査結果を参考とした。具体的には, 収量向上効果と品質食味の向上効果(およびそれに伴う価格向上効果)を経済的効果の対象とし, 品種による収量向上分を分離すると共に, 食味スコアと市場価格との関係から, それぞれの経済的効果の算出を行った。このことにより, 本論で提示した経済的効果の評価手法が有効に適用できることが示された。

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近年, 技術のソフト化, 業際技術の進歩, 新産業の勃興等により産業構造が急速に変化している。地域の公設試験研究機関(公設試)は, 産業構造の変化に伴い新たな行政需要に対応するため, 機関・組織を改編することが求められる。産業構造変化に対応して公設試がとるべき試験研究方針を明らかにするため, 昭和10年から終戦直後にかけて全国各地に設立された農村工業系公設試を事例として検討した。日本の農村工業は, 戦前は農村恐慌を, 終戦後は食料難・工業の崩壊を背景に発展したが, 昭和20年代の末から食品工業の復興に伴い急速に衰退する。「農村工業から食品工業へ」という産業構造の変化に伴い存在意義を喪失した農村工業系公設試のうち, 農村副業, 食生活の改善など工業的要素のない試験研究に傾斜した公設試は消滅するに至るが, 工業的な試験研究あるいは工業と補完関係にある試験研究に重点を置いた機関は存続し, そのとった手法により様々なタイプの公設試に発展している。このような事例から, 産業構造変化の下で, 公設試の試験研究方針が, 公設試の改編の態様(消滅か存続か, 存続後のタイプ)を分ける要因として機能していることが明らかになった。

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近年, 欧州連合国の幾つかの大学や研究機関では研究資金配分に「引用法」や「インパクト・ファクター」といった科学活動を測る科学技術指標が機械的に導入され, 政府の資金配分にまで利用される傾向が強まっている。しかし, 一方では, このような科学技術活動を表す指標を使った評価による弊害も多く, ScienceやNatureなどの学術雑誌には定期的に被害者の苦情が掲載され, 問題の深さを表している。日本でも, 2000年4月に大学評価・学位授与機構が発足するなど, 評価に関する問題が話題を集めているが, 研究機関や研究者の評価が具体化すれば, 1国の科学技術活動状況や研究機関の業績などを表すための指標が, 個人の実績評価や研究者雇用基準にも使われることが予想される。そうなると, 引用法を正しく使うことは益々必要となり, 評価をする側はもちろんのこと, 評価をされる側も引用法を用いた指標について正しい理解を深めることが重要となる。本論文では, 「引用法」やそれを基に構築された, ジャーナル・インパクト・ファクター(ある学術雑誌に最近載った論文がどれくらい引用されたかを示し学術雑誌の与えたインパクトを測る指標)の使用に際し, 特に注意を要する事項を上げ, なぜこれらの指標が個人の研究実績の評価に使われると危険なのかを考察し, 引用法の理解に役立てたい。

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