The Intellectual Property High Court, established in April 2005, is only a first step to a general reform of legal systems concerning the intellectual property, in spite of legal circle's publicity for it as an epochmaking achievement. The greatest problems is the failure of the highly needed introduction of technical judges due to the opposition by legal professionals, who regard engineers' view as too limited to make well-balanced legal judgments. This means trials under 100% legal judges, while we had been demanding 50% legal and 50% technical judges. Another problem is that many engineers are little interested in the problem, which will only perpetuate their subserviency to lawyers.

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Due to the industrial revolution by the development of information technology that started in the late '90s, standardization of manufacturing technology has spread and as a result, the number of counterfeits has been increasing rapidly. The number of counterfeits made in China is particularly great and Japanese companies have been affected by them a lot. It is indispensable to acquire the intellectual property strategy to cope with it. On the other hand, China also has strengthened the protection of intellectual property rights. It is urgent for Japan to train world class human resources with the expertise in intellectual property rights.

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The current legal system on intellectual properties provides different definitions of the relationship of the creator of intellectual properties with the organization he/she belongs to for different categories. However, the formal classification of intellectual properties, on which the system is based, does not actually reflect their essential features in relation to the innovation they bring about. This is why the personal reward to the author is often unrealistic. The paper discusses, apart from the current legal framework, the proper way of rewarding engineers as innovators which takes into account the process how a technology results in an innovation, as well as the position of the engineer in question in his/her organization. The management of engineers involved in an innovative process involves three steps: promoting creation of new knowledge, transferring the knowledge to the organization, and making the organization employ the knowledge. These steps are, however, practically common to patents, trade secrets and copyrights, and do not differentiate the reward to the authors. Important determinants of the reward include: uncertainty in commercialization of the technology in question, and mobility of engineers in the organization. Appropriate systems of intellectual properties management, including monetary and non-monetary reward and contracts with retirees, were studied for four cases based on different combinations of those factors.

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Japan has lost its industrial competitiveness on the global market for the past years. One of the reasons for reduced competitiveness is insufficient attention to the adverse influence of the WTO/TBT regime against Japanese industries in the manufacturing sector. Japan failed in paying an appropriate attention to the fact that competition under the WTO/TBT would no longer be one on a product quality which had long been a Japan's strength. Japan failed in recognizing that more attention should be paid to the strategic aspect of participation to standard-setting processes at the ISO/IEC. This paper discusses the latest governmental action plan on national standardization activities, and impact of the WTO/IEC framework. This paper also discusses staffing issues for more involvement in the international standardization arena.

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Economic implications of the national systems concerning intellectual properties, including patents, for industrial and economic development have not been extensively studied in Japan. Examples of such studies are many in other countries, including those on effects of patent protection levels on international transactions such as trade and investment. While many problems remain unsolved, the relationships of the intellectual systems with economy should further be studied along this line. Various aspects of intellectual properties should be studied from a variety of points of view, including economy, management and others. As an artificial, legally constructed entity, the intellectual property system is involved in economic, social and human activities. Its management must require people who know this characteristic, along with social infrastructure which has yet to be further developed.

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Japan has built the society based on those asset portfolios within real, financial and intellectual of its. Japanese division of labor has shifted a tendency toward making industrial vertical structure converged onto intellectual assets. It is coming soon the growth of global trade of intellectual property in near future, and then it will make the new troublesome items as an issue of institutional mixed commodities or national flagship-assets transaction which has own claims and obligations. In such situation, it is important that Japan has the system of national intellectual assets policy managing the global outcome.

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セメントなどの建設材料は, 輸送コストが高く, 地場産業として発展してきた。TBT(Technical Barriers to Trade)協定により, セメントの一連の試験規格においては, 国際規格(ISO)を国内規格(JIS)に置き換えた。セメントの品質規格においても, いち早く, 国際規格を必要としたEU各国は, 独自の戦略にしたがい, EU統一規格をISO規格にする動きをみせている。日本の規格は, 業界の企業存続をかけた戦略よりも, むしろ大きな混乱のないものとして, 政府が調達する最低基準のレベルであった。いままで, セメントでは, 工業基礎材料としては, 品質が企業戦略として取り扱われることはなかった。このEN規格成立後, ISO規格原案への自動的な取り扱いであるウィーン協定は, 精緻に積み上げられた企業戦略, しかも国民やユーザーに対しての説明責任を有した対応は, 我が国素材産業としては着目していなかった事項であり, 従来の官主導で解決できる問題でもない。本報告では, これらISO(国際規格)が日本のセメント産業に与えるインパクトと, 今後のわが国としてとるべき対応について考察することとした。この動きは, EUの国家戦略とする見方も確かにあるが, EN規格の根底にある合理性など, 規格としての完成度などを十分考慮しつつ, わが国ユーザー, 製造者, 国民にとって有益な規格にすることが望ましく, 現在俎上のセメント品質規格への我々の取るべき対応について議論した。

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産学連携が叫ばれる中, 大学の知的財産本部の役割がますます重要になっている。しかしながら, 各大学に十分な特許費用が予算化されているわけではなく, 知的財産に関する新たな財務戦略が必要になってくる。ここでは, 大学の知的財産本部における財務戦略の重要性を述べ, 特許権の価値評価や意思決定などの財務戦略の立案・運用に, 金融工学を用いたリアル・オプションの手法が威力を発揮することを, 具体的な事例を用いて論じる。

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