Activities of the Japan Society for Science Policy and Research Management in early periods were focused on recommendations on science and technology policy rather than establishment of an original knowledge system based on theoretical and empirical analyses. However, the 1990s saw a general shift of subjects of the publications at the annual meeting from reviews or recommendations to case studies on specific technology development projects. This will facilitate identification of factors contributing to the success or failure of the projects, which will then be utilized in the development and management of technology. For such developments to occur, a vocabulary should be offered for mutual understanding of different organizations and industrial sectors. Such a framework is a prerequisite for exploitation in future of accumulated experiences, and will help presentations and criticism of new concepts. In this process the priority of research should be respected through accurate citations.

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The historical changes in innovation-related activities of Japanese companies were analyzed in relation to those in the patent system using statistical data and survey results on patent and R&D activities. Results indicated that corporate actions related to innovation, including R&D and licensing, depend on a number of variables, such as the financial situation of individual companies, trends in technology and corporate strategy, among which the institutions for intellectual properties are of limited importance. However, industries related to the information technology and biotechnology have been greatly influenced by the extension of the scope of the patent, which now includes software, business models and genetic information. For example, increase in licensing transactions in these fields was found to be in parallel with increase in patent applications. While strengthening the incentive for enterprises to advance innovations, the "pro-patent" policies for expansion and strengthening of patent rights may limit the spill over effects of technologies by bolstering technology monopoly. Future intellectual property policies should take these antagonistic effects into account.

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The Japanese Government has been implementing a variety of measures to create, protect and exploitation of intellectual properties to improve the competitiveness of the Japanese industry and revitalization of the economy at large. These measures were prompted by the evolving "knowledge-based" economy, in which the intangible knowledge and information create values, as well as by the rapidly improving technological level of Asian countries. This trend was triggered by the Prime Minister's policy speech in February 2002, resulting in the establishment of the Strategic Council on Intellectual Property, which developed the Intellectual Property Policy Outline in July 2002. The Basic Law on Intellectual Property was enacted in November 2002, and its enforcement in March 2003 was accompanied by the establishment of the Intellectual Property Policy Headquarters. Finally, the Strategic Program for the Creation, Protection and Exploitation of Intellectual Property was formed in July 2003. The Program comprises 270 items classified into five categories : creation, protection, exploitation, and content of intellectual properties and human resources engaging in intellectual properties. For the creation of intellectual properties, the program requires more emphasis on the role of universities as the focus of the national innovation system to promote systematic developmental activities. The program emphasizes the enforcement of such measures as accelerated patent examination, creation of a high court for intellectual property conflicts, and prevention of piracy for effective protection of intellectual properties. In order to advance exploitation of intellectual properties, the program demands the industry of its own strategic thinking and effort, and provides for supportive measures including revision of the patent trust system and establishment of a patent pool to facilitate standardization. Some of these measures were modeled on the American "pro-patent" policies, whose experiences, including miscalculations, should provide valuable suggestions for establishing Japan's own intellectual property strategy.

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The patent pool, a collective licensing of complementary patents, have recently been used for establishing new technology standards, as in the cases of the MPEG-2 digital format, digital versatile discs (DVDs), and advanced photographic system (APS). The improved clarity of guiding rules in the competition policy has facilitated this development. Pooling complementary patents is an effective measure to prevent excessive license fees and "hold-ups", as well as to provide "one-stop shopping", without limiting competition. However, the patent pool is often threatened by the presence of outsiders and possibility of a split. This paper analyzes such problems and discusses issues related to patent pool management and standardization policy.

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The drug market is oligopolistic owing to the governmental approval system and the patent system. Manufacturers have to allow a period of about ten years and an amount of 20-30 billion yen for the development of a new drug until its approval. Recovery of this investment within about ten years after launching is a prerequisite for continuing growth of the industry. Many "bioventures" resulting from biotechnology research, lacking resources for producing and marketing final products, usually depend on licensing big manufacturers to use their R&D outcomes. This situation presents various problems for universities and bioventures experience to obtain and exploit patents on genes and research tools. The licensing issue on Housey's assay procedure and the conflict involving Myriad Genetics about a patent for the BRCA genes for breast and ovarian cancers are commented as examples of those problems. Related issues include the deviation of bioventures' strategy on licensing of patents on genes and research tools from common-sense practice, public arbitration of licensing conflicts, reach-through loyalty, and excessive increase in cumulative loyalties. It is proposed to solve these problems, after an American model, by interventions of public agencies based on both pharmaceutical and industrial property administration policies. A public sector-based alternative would be a collective patent management system, in which patent proprietors agree upon common use of pooled patents under certain licensing conditions.

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日本の大学は,大学における研究成果の事業化を促進するため,大学内の研究機能の変更を目指した制度環境に直面している。本稿では,大学教官,TLO関係者および企業の研究開発担当者,合計23名に行ったインタビュー結果をもとに,東京大学,とくに先端科学技術研究センターにおける新環境への取り組みを考察した。考察結果から,大学教官は近年の産学連携の高まりに対して,自分たちの役割を拡大しており,とくに自分たちの発明をもとにベンチャー企業を創設するなど,新しい制度環境を巧みに利用していることが指摘できる。加えて,受託研究や有料コンサルティングなどが以前に比べより多く見られる一方で,これまで行われていたような企業との情報共有の形態も依然として普及している。大学教官は自分たちの役割についての認識を拡大させており,基礎研究に加えて,商業化を目指した応用研究をも自分たちの役割の一つと見なしている。大学教官はある時には情報の公的な普及を望み,また場合によっては技術開発の独占的なチャンネルを望んでおり,これらの新しい役割の形成は,公的/私的独占的な側面における大学教官の選択肢の幅を広げていると言える。

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不確実性が高く,全ての選択肢を把握することができない制約合理性の下では,意思決定主体は「ルーティン(Routine)」と呼ばれる比較的簡単なルールあるいは手順に従って意思決定を行う。またルーティンは,その意思決定主体に課された評価基準に対して適応的に変化して行く。制度(Institution)がいかに運営されたかを把握するには,形式上の分析だけではなく,このルーティンを分析することが必要となる。1966年に創設された大型工業技術研究開発制度(大プロ)は,1993年に産業科学技術研究開発制度に統合されるまでの27年間に33本のプロジェクトを立ち上げている。これらの大型の研究開発プロジェクトは不確実性が高く,その編成には一定のルーティンが形成されたものと考えられる。本稿では,この大プロのプロジェクト・フォーメーションについて,どのようなルーティンが形成され,それが適応的に変化したかについて分析を行った。その結果,大プロが実施されていた当時,実質的な評価システムが大蔵省による予算査定しか存在しなかったため,それに適応する形でのみルーティンは変化していることが明らかとなり,研究開発施策に対する評価制度の重要性が浮き彫りとなった。

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米国Eラーニング産業の初期段階にみられるビジネスモデルの模索過程を学際的に体系化した。本論文は学習コンテンツに関する領域知識と情報技術に対する一般知識の調達と連結に着目する知識連結によるビジネスモデルの類型化手法を提案する。米国企業73社を対象とするデータベースを活用して企業のビジネスモデルの現状を把握した後,本論文はビジネスモデルが知能工学の進展をふまえた知識連結の視点から体系化することが可能であることを示し,学際的な観点からEラーニングビジネスに対する含意を明らかにする。

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本論文は,筆者の一人が関わった経団連の調査と他の文献調査によって,21世紀に産業界で活躍できる人材の要件を明らかにし,そのための人材育成法および新しい産学連携の在り方を提案して実践し,その有効性を示したものである。情報化と国際化が進む産業界で活躍するためには,創造力,自立性,協調性,国際性,情報活用力などがその要件になることを,経団連その他の調査によって明らかにした。その上で,筆者らの専門である情報システム学のような産業界と結びついた「実学」の立場から,以下に示す三つの具体的な人材育成法を提案し実践した。一つ目は,産業界の現実を知って,要件全体の基盤となる実学の学習意欲を増すための「産学連携授業」である。二つ目は,創造力,協調性,国際性,情報活用力を養うために初等中等教育における「海外との遠隔授業」であり,三つ目が自立性,協調性,情報活用力を考えた高等教育における「グループ学習型講議」である。これらを実施して評価した結果,筆者らが提案する人材育成法が,要件に挙げた能力の育成に資すると考えられる。

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