One of the most important political issue today is the administration reform. Recent reports have revealed moral delinquency spread in government and local authorities as well as in bands and enterprises traditionally associated with high level of discipline. Such widespread phenomena of morale slackening must have a variety of causes, which can be remedied not by institutional reform but by straightening the mental attitude of officials and managers. The author believes that a good remedy id for everyone to have his/her own specialty. This is shown to him as a young government official in 1952 by Teiyu Amano, the then-Minister of Education. Governmental officials today seem to go through too many posts in a relatively short period, which does not allow them to establish themselves as specialists through a long career. If such a form of personnel management is inevitable for equitable treatment, they could foster their integrity through off-the-job studies, volunteerism, or even hobbies.

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Recent sophistication of industrial structure has often been characterized by the "service industry" gaining more importance; however, this is not an adequate term, because it means nothing but an industry that does not produce goods. It should rather be subdivided in terms of processes and products to provide and acceptable concept for description of the modern innovation. Transportation that simply moves goods and people, and wholesale, retail and real estate businesses that combine products with consumers, form an auxiliary sector for productions, and are not characteristic of the service-oriented society. The service industry in a narrower sense excluding them are further divided into the service industry which directly affects people as service consumers and the knowledge industry which produces knowledge from knowledge. The growth of the former is led by demand increased by higher income and lower labor productivity rather than by innovative technologies. It is the latter, including R&D and software industry, which promotes modern development of industrial structure, based on microelectronics and other innovations. It will be useful to conceive a knowledge industry in a wider sense that include communication that transports knowledge and publishing which produces knowledge-based products.

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International standardization of statistics on science and technology in service industries has a number of unresolved problems. Data on the service industries are not well represented in the large, long-term R&D data complied in advanced countries; statistical surveys have just started for collecting comprehensive data on innovations. Practical experiences have led to improvements of the measures for international standardization of statistics on innovation, as defined in OECD's "Oslo Manual", but such improvements are still unsatisfactory as far as applications on the service industries are concerned. The present report examines issues on the definition of innovations and on the measurement of input to the innovation and their economic impacts.

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Facing the 21st century, the Japanese distribution sector needs urgently to establish a next-generation distribution system which would replace the traditional "distribution revolution" theory formed in 1960s. The new theory requires a paradigm shift from the pursuit of scale merits based on the supply chain to that of "network productivity" based on consumer support activities. This shift will specifically appear as an evolutive series from interactive/direct systems to agent networks to "prosumer" networks. These develop-ments derive from the personal marketing which expects "customer readiness" on the part of sellers, and are supported by advanced information technology. The author proposes the introductions of CALS in the building of the novel distribution system.

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Swaps, options and other "derivatives" represent innovations in the financial sector. Interest and exchange rates are dealt in these forms of financing: the interest rate swap decreases financing costs by swapping a long-term fixed interest rate and a floating rate; the currency option hedges risk of exchange rate floating. Adequate programs are needed for management of risks including those of variations in interest and exchange rates, since the derivatives do not eliminate risks although they do reduce them for individual market players through a sophisticated mathematical/statistical theory.

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Amusement facilities as ex expressions of world views are examined in terms of history and technical innovations. Effects of novel concepts such as virtual reality and artificial amusements are discussed as well as the future developments of interactive games.

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Healthcare services share a number of features of the tertiary (service) industry. The Japanese tertiary industry employs more than twice as many workers as the secondary industry, thus accounting for more than 60% of total workforce. However, the productivity of the tertiary industry has remained very low, in a sharp contrast with that of the secondary industry that is nearly the highest in the world. The Japanese healthcare services have many problems, e.g. a fast-growing medical costs beyond 27 billion yen (7% of the GNP), or manpower shortage in hospitals as shown by the number of amesthesiologists of 3 for 100,000 people (in contrast to 9 in the U.S.)A radical reform of hospital systems is needed for high-quality healthcare services. Effectiveness of management techniques practised in the secondary industry, including quality control and process performance analysis, is exemplified by a pharmacy with an automatic dispensing system that minimizes the risk of drug interactions in-duced by overdose, and a conveyor-based operation system in a Moscow hospital. New medical services are mentioned such as treatment of dementia, neuroimmunology, and homeopathy. Experimental information systems based on multimedia or satellite communication proliferate, but not a single comprehensive interhospital network has been implemented in Japan.

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The task for the Korean governmental R&D projects lies in including workable results effectively and promoting their transfer to the industrial sector for commercialization. The present paper proposes a strategic R&D manage-ment system for governmental projects that will help achieve this purpose. The strategic R&D management system is to manage the life cycle of researchers, and is designed to give incentives to researchers. In fact, the researchers are at the core of the system. One of its two subsystems accommodates the cultural gap between researchers and enterprises, while the other provides strategic planning and control which assume direct participation o enterprises. The subsystems present such concepts as R&D information market, information brokers, privi-ledged research groups, strategic partnering of researchers with enterprises or industries, patents as an evaluation tool, researcher management through expenditure as R&D costs (as opposed to grants), and profits as an incentive. Those concepts are important elements in achieving the national strategic goals.

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外部経営環境変化に対する企業の対応策をその固定費支出挙動上の特徴により分類し、標準型、商社論理主導型、超商社論理主導型、銀行論理主導型および超銀行論理主導型の5種類に類型化した。人的および物的の両固定費の支出額を、それぞれ税前利益極大化状態における両固定費と等しくすることにより、利益の極大化を図る方式を標準型とし、両固定費の実支出額と標準型の支出額との大小関係の組み合わせによって、これらの類型の特徴をシミュレーションモデルにより実現した。さらに両固定費支出額が標準型のそれから増減した場合に、系の税前利益極大化販売単価の変化が量的にどの程度になるかをモデルを利用して計算により示した。各類型の固定費支出挙動の特徴を外部経営環境の変動状況との関連で捉えてその得失を論じ、その上で経営効率の観点からは固定費支出挙動としては標準型が最も望ましく、さらにこれは先報で提案(6)した研究開発主導型経営における固定費支出挙動と同一内容になることを明らかにした。

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研究開発ポートフォリオ・マネージメント方式(RDPM)を検証し、さらにそれを活用してより実態に即した研究開発マネージメントの方法論を見出すために、研究開発マネージメントに関するモデルおよび仮設を作成し、わが国一部上場の製造企業392社に対して関連する質問によるアンケート調査を行った。調査結果は約1/3に相当する126社から回答が得られ、各社の成功事例263の研究開発マネージメント過程に関する実態調査を行うことができた。これをSAS統計解析ソフトウェアにより、因子分析および共分散構造分析を行った。解析結果は、最終的に研究開発モデルをPLSモデルで表現でき、想定した仮設をほぼ全面的に検証することができた。特に研究の戦略性での評価がパフォーマンスとしての売上高と高い相関を示し、RDPM方式によるマネージメント方法論が有効であることが検証された。

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三菱電機

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