Interaction of the corebellar anterior lobe and paramedian lobule somesthetic areas were investigated by electroanatomical and electrophysiological methods. Interruption of the intracerebellar connection between these somesthetic areas and topical application of 1% lidocaine to the anterior lobe forelimb area, resulted in a partial depression of evoked responses in the paramedirn lobule forelimb area. After bilateral cerebellar pedunculotomy, antidromic and postsynaptic responses were obtained in the paramedian lobule following ipsilateral anterior lobe stimulation.
Summation of responses was observed in the paramedian lobule and interpositus nucleus following combined ferelimb nerve and anterior lobe stimulation, while a weak inhibitory effect was noted in the paramedian lobule responses after forelimb nerve and interpositus nucleus stimulation. Microelectrode recordings revealed that unitary discharges of the interpositus nucleus neuron were inhibited for 27 msec following anterior lobe stimulation, but no such effect was observed following forelimb nerve stimulation.
It appeared that, in addition to the connections due to bifurcation of the cerebellopetal fibers, there are cortico-cortical and cortico-nucleo-cortical connections between the anterior lobe and paramedian lobule somesthetic areas, and that reactional interference occurred within these areas.

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The P-T method is quite suitable for demonstrating fiber tracts and fi ber patterns, even in thick (up to 40μ) celloidin sections, and it is adequate for showing the general structure of the central nervous system. This method consists of simple procedures and constant results are expected without particular difficulty. The blue color reaction depends on the reducing process of tin chloride to the molybdic acid salt, and the intensity of the color can be controlled by the degree of washing. Post-fixation makes the results far better and more consistent. An important attribute of the method is its applicability to celloidin serial sections of the central nervous system.

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The organization of thalamic neurons projecting to the first somatosensory cortex (SI) of the cat has been studied by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The SI receives fibers from the posteromedial (VPM) and posterolateral ventral nuclei (VPL) in a topically organized manner. The anteroventral part of the face area of SI receives inputs from the ventromedial portion of the VPM, exclusive of the medial parvocellular part, whereas the posterodorsal part of the face area receives fibers from the dorsolateral part of the VPM. The forelimb area of SI receives fibers from the ventromedial part of VPL, and the hindlimb area from the dorsolateral part of VPL. Cortical projections of the VPM and VPL to SI appear to be organized topically in the dorsoventral, mediolateral and anteroposterior directions. The entire extent of SI, particularly the posterodorsal part of the face area receives projections from the suprageniculate and paracentral nuclei. The posterodorsal part of SI receives many fibers from the lateral central, posterior lateral, anterior ventral and lateral ventral nuclei, and a few fibers from the medial pulvinar (ventrolateral part) and medial central nuclei. The posterior end of the face area of SI, a cortical vestibular center, receives a limited number of fibers from the medial geniculate, dorsal lateral and lateral pulvinar nuclei.

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Zinc iodide-osmium tetroxide staining was applied to the duodenum of a human fetus for the purpose of investigating the fine structure of basal-granulated cells. A positive reaction was demonstrated within a peculiar network consisting of fine tubulo-vesicular structures in the basal cytoplasm. The possibility was discussed that these structures represent a device by which the granule membrane returns to the Golgi complex after the exocytotic release of gut hormones.

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The present study was undertaken to demonstrate the collateral branches of the corticospinal (CS) fibers in the upper cervical segments of the rhesus monkey spinal cord and to examine the ultrastructure of these collateral branches. A lesion was induced in the posterior limb of the left internal capsule where the CS tract fibers pass. This resulted in degeneration of the CS fibers of the ipsilateral medullary pyramid, contralateral and ipsilateral funiculi of the spinle cord. Examination of the number of degenerated CS fibers in the contralateral lateral funiculi of the second and fourth cervical segments (C 2 and C 4) at the light microscopic level, revealed that C 4 had more degenerated CS fibers than C 2. Such an increase in degenerated fibers of C 4 compared to C 2 was due mainly to an increase in the small-sized group of degenerated CS fibers. The increased degenerated CS fibers were not evenly distributed in the lateral funiculus of C 4, but condensed in a particular region of the lateral funiculus of C 4, i. e., (1) the centro-medial areas in all cases, and (2) the lateral areas in some cases. Ultramicroscopic observations revealed that the degenerated CS fibers had a collateral branch projecting from the node of Ranvier. It is concluded that the CS fibers have collateral branches, and the increased degenerated CS fibers observed after the lesion of the internal capsule were due partially to degeneration of such collateral branches.

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The ultrastructure of zona pellucida and attaching filaments in oocytes from Cyprinodon variegatus and Oryzias latipes was observed by means of a transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The zona pellucida consisted of two layers, the electron dense zona externa, and slightly less dense zona interna. The interna whose thickness was much thicker than that of the externa was composed of a highly organized substance showing spring-like or reticular appearances. The attaching filaments were stereoscopically observed by a scanning electron microscope as bfiers of two different kinds of thickness. In cross section the attaching filaments appeared to be composed of tubular units.

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The auricular muscle cells of the land snail Euhadra senckenbergiana notoensis were studied. The nuclei were situated at all depths within the cells. In the myofibrils, A- and I-bands were seen. The diameters of the thick and thin filaments were approximately 32 nm and 6 nm, respectively. The ratio between the thick and thin filaments was about 1 to 11.
The Z-body was composed of only three or four thick filaments and was fragmentary in nature. Even when such fragments were lined up, transversely, they not appear to have a basic cross-striated nature. The sarcotubular system was moderately developed. Attachment plaques and hemidesmosomes were found scattered over the whole plasma membrane. Intercalated discs were often observed. They consisted of interfibrillar junctions, desmosomes, nexal areas and unspecialized regions. The organization of the pulmonate cardiac muscle cells is discussed and comparep with that described for other species.

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The lower edge of the Foramen mandibulae shows various degrees of depth of indentation forming the Incisura foraminis mandibulae. The degree of formation of the Incisura markedly influences the morphology of the Foramen mandibulae, being intimately related with the level of branching of the Nervus mylohyoideus. Compared to the intense interest in the confirmation of the position and morphology of the Foramen mandibulae as the site of anesthetic transmis sion, there are extremely few reports available on the Incisura foraminis mandibulae, other than that by the author on the Japanese. There are no detailed reports available on the Canalis mylohyoideus in relation to the degree of for mation of the Incisura foraminis mandibulae.
Using 356 sides of 178 Indian mandibles, the sexual dimorphism which could not be investigated in the Japanese materials, the degree of protrusion of the Lingula mandibulae and the position of the Sulcus with reference to the Foramen mandibulae, were supplementarily studied. The presence or absence of racial differences was assessed by comparison with the author's results for the Japanese.
I. Incisura foraminis mandibulae
A. The degree of formation of the Incisura was investigated according to a four-type classification.
The total of Type I with a shallow Incisura and Type II with a moderately deep Incisura, both of which are considered to be normal, amounted to approximately 60% of males and approximately 84.5% of females. The incidences of Type III with a deep Incisura and Type IV without an Incisura, both of which are considered to represent a transition from normal, were much higher in males than in females. Comparison of the Indians with Japanese revealed that a moderately deep Incisura was found in about 1/2 of the Indians while a shallow Incisura was seen about 1/2 of the Japanese.
B. Individuals having the same type of Incisura on the right and left sides amounted to approximately 57.0% of the Indians and approximately 77.0% of the Japanese, so that there was a higher incidence of right-left symmetry in Japanese than in Indians.
C. The relationship between the grading of the degree of protrusion of the Lingula mandibulae classified into 5 types and the type of Incisura was analyzed. Type 3 with a relatively distinct protrusion of the Lingula mandibulae was frequently found in association with a moderately deep Incisura of Type II. The incidence of Type 1 with a marked protrusion was high in Type III with a deep Incisura.
II. A Canalis mylohyoideus was formed in 4.2±1.1% in the present study. A similar incidence is also indicated by the results of other investigatigators on the Japanese. A. Sexual dimorphism. The Canalis mylohyoideus was formed in 5 of 82sides of male specimens (6.1±2.6%) and 5 of 122 sides of females specimens (4.1±1.8%). Males thus showed a higher incidence. B. Canalis formation in combination with Types I and IV was mostly found, except for 2 specimens of Type III with a deep Incisura. Among Japanese specimens, Type IV was always found. Among Indians, strange shapes were frequently noted. C. One unusual aspect of the morphology of specimens of Type III, was that the Sulcus nervi mylohyoideus was located markedly lateral to the Foramen mandibulae. D. Formation of this Canalis was intimately related with the branching of the Nervus mylohyoideus at a deeper site and complete block of this nerve.

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When using the Tissue Sectioner (Sorvall TC-2) and Tissue Chopper (Brinkmann/Mickle), the specimen must be fixed to a filter paper on the polyethylene disk. In the past, agar has usually been the main fixing medium, but since agar has to be heated to about 60°C in order to fix to the specimen, the enzyme activity in the specimen cannot be retained easily. The author have substituted an alginate hydrocolloid material for agar - the alginate is a salt of alginic acid which is extracted from marine kelp and has a similar structure to agar. The use of alginate in place of agar has the following advantages:
1. Alginate gelatinizes at a low temperature and therefore the enzyme activity in the specimen is preserved.
2. Gelatinized alginate is sufficiently strong to permit easy cutting of the tissue.
3. Since polymerization of alginate is irreversible, the gelatinized alginate is insoluble in various fixatives, incubating media and a physiological solution of sodium chloride.
4. Separation of the tissue from the gelatinized alginate after sectioning, is easily performed.
5. Preparation of the fixing medium is simple and takes little time since it is only necessary to mix the alginate powder with water.

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Several media for glucose-6-phosphatase were applied to rat pigment epithelium. The Wachstein-Meisel medium showed excellent localization but the sensitivity was lower than the Hugon medium. The Hugon medium showed remark able reaction product in the endoplasmic reticulum, but occasionally the end-product was observed on some of the collagenous bundles. The media containing the higher amounts of glucose-6-phosphate tended to increase patchy stainings on the endoplasmic reticulum and diffuse stainings on both matrix and some of the collagenous bundles.

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The medial and lateral pterygoid muscles of the rabbit were investigated in detail by dissection. The medial pterygoid muscle could be separated into superficial, intermediate and deep portions; and the first into two layers, and the last into anterior and posterior parts, the latter consisting of three layers. These portions arose from the inferior border of the pyramidal process of the palatine bone and the pterygoid fossa, and were inserted on the crista pterygoidea, the pterygoid tuberosity and the angular process on the medial surface of the mandible. The lateral pterygoid muscle consisted of upper and lower heads, with the maxillary artery located between them. The latter was formed of three layers. Both heads arose from the lateral surface of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone, the lateral surface and the inferolateral end of the lateral plate of the pterygoid process, the lateral surface of the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone and the pterygoid fossa, and were inserted on the medial surface of the mandibular cervix.

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Cell surface material and contact specializations were observed in reaggregates of cells from 7-day embryonic chick hearts. Ruthenium red- or lanthanum nitrate-staining surface material was absent from cells freshly dissociated with trypsin. This staining reaction of surface acidic glycoproteins returned during the third hr of culture. Tight, gap and adherent junctions were observed between contiguous myocardial cells prior to the recovery of the surface coat. We suggest that the surface coat stainable with tracers for acid mucopolysaccharides is involved in cell adhesion, but initial cell attachment may be mediated by the assembly of these attachment devices.

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Presacral vertebrae, excluding the atlas and axis, obtained from fifty dried vertebral columns were carefully examined to detect the muscular tubercles derived from the attachments of the paravertebral muscles. On the basis of the divisions of these muscles, the tubercles may be classified as follows:
(1) tubercles of the median attachments of the back muscles observed at the tips of the spines,
(2) tubercles of the lateral attachments of the medial series of the intrinsic back muscles, corresponding to the mamillary processes, observed on the posterior aspect of the cervical articular column and on the upper surfaces of the thoracic transverse processes,
(3) tubercles of the lateral series of the intrinsic back muscles and of the posterior laterovertebral muscles, corresponding to the cervical posterior tubercles, observed at the lower surfaces of the thoracic transverse processes, and divided into two in the lumbar region, the accessory processes and the tubercles on the fronts of the costal processes,
(4) tubercles of the anterior laterovertebral muscles and of the lateral attachments of the prevertebral muscles, corresponding to the cervical anterior tubercles, observed in the lumbar region at the tips of the costal processes,
(5) tubercles of the medial attachments of the prevertebral muscles which exist as small tuberosities of the longus colli on the cervical vertebrae, as tuberculi musculi longi colli (Krmpotic) on the upper thoracic vertebrae and as tuberosities of the psoas major on the lumbar vertebral bodies.
Illustrations of typical examples of the above tubercles are provided at the end of the report.

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"Embryatrics" is a prospective new branch of medicine, which deals with not only elucidation of individual development, but also management of early human intrauterine population. This branch shall rank with others such as perinatal medicine and geriatrics. Establishment of embryatrics will be justified mainly for the following reasons:
(1)Embryonic stage is a crucial time of approximate determination of the future course. (2)Population of early human conceptuses have teratological peculiarities. (3)Live early human conceptuses are accessible by sonography at the present time. (4)Sociolegally, the early population has a specificity. (5)This population includes undiagnosed pregnancy cases, which are often involved with troubles.
The tasks in embryatrics will be:
(1)Birth defect counseling regarding diet, alcohol intake, smoking, strenuous exercises, vibration, sexual intercourse and medication. (2)Intrauterine diagnosis and induced abortion handled by obstetricians. (3)Promotion of appropriate operation of preventive public health measures such as rubella vaccination and management of X ray irradiation during pregnancy.
In conclusion, a "flag" of embryatrics will collect wisdom and stimulate enrichment of the tasks, which are still insuffcient at present.

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A histo- and cytochemical method called the cytochrome c adjective reaction was devised to detect sulfated mucopolysaccharides following experimental results, which showed that cytochrome c intensely oxidizes leucopatent blue (LPB)hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) solution and changes it to its original blue color (in light microscopy) or electron dense deposits or patches (in electron microscopy).
Ultrathin sections were first treated with 0.1% acetone (50%) solution of cytochrome c, washed in Walpole's buffer at pH 3.0 and then reacted with LPB-H2O2reagent. This reaction selectively stained or detected cartilage matrix without any electron staining, especially in lacunar borders (territorial matrix). This demonstrates that the reaction will not succeed unless sections are treated with cytochrome c before the histo- or cytochemical reaction is employed.
Incidentally, the molecular ratio of residual zinc against residual dye was estimated at ca.1 by both atomic absorption spectrophotometry and the chelate titration method. Judging from these analytical results, the chemical formula of LPB was postulated as a chelate complex formation of leuco-dye with zinc, which can be clearly demonstrated using the adjective cytochrome c reaction with an electron microscopy.
These ultracytochemical and analytical findings suggest that the dye should be reduced by catalystic acid zinc, and the same time, added zinc should be chelated into the leuco-dye molecule. Thus, this technique furnishes an ultracytochemical method for the localization of chondroitin polysulfate in the lacunar border of cartilage matrix.

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As a part of basic investigations to elucidate the mechanism of lumbago formation,200 spinal rami samples from lumbar arteries corresponding to the first to fourth lumbar nerve ganglion in 25 Japanese fetuses were evaluated in relation to their origin, divergence, direction and distribution. Through these investigations, the following results were obtained.
1. By observing the spinal rami in relation to their origin and distribution, the following four branches can be identified.
1) The basivertebral artery (a. basivertebralis) in 199 samples out of 200(99.5%).
2) The superior branch in 200 samples out of 200 (100%).
3) The middle branch in 63 samples out of 200 (31.5%).
4) The inferior branch in 164 samples out of 200 (82.0%).
2. The superior branch is the main artery reaching the lumbar ganglion, anterior root, posterior root and spinal cord. In 146 samples out of 200, or 73.0%, it forms a common stem with the basivertebral artery. Its origin was classified into the following five types according to its relationship with the basivertebral artery.
Type I: Both the superior branch and basivertebral artery originate from the lumbar artery as independent branches (25.5%).
Type II: The superior branch forms a common stem with the basivertebral artery and both branches diverge almost equally (28.5%).
Type III: The superior branch forms a common stem with the basivertebral arteiy. thereafter, the basivertebral artery becomes the main trunk, from which the superior branch diverges (42.5%).
Type IV: The superior branch forms a common stem with the basivertebral artery. Thereafter, the superior branch becomes the main trunk, from which the basivertebral artery diverges (2.0%)
Type V: Anomalous type (1.5%)
3. The conditions of the distribution of the superior branch to the lumbar ganglion are classified into the following three types.
Type I: At the region of the lumbar ganglionic ampulla, the superior branch penetrates deeply into the confluent area of the anterior and posterior roots (70.3%)
Type II: The superior branch tends to run on the surface of the lumbar ganglion for a long distance, then along the confluent area of the anterior and posterior roots, finally perforating the dura mater (18.5%)
Type III: At the region of the lumbar ganglionic ampulla, the periphery of the superior branch subdivides arborescently and reaches the surface of the lumbar ganglion (11.2%).
4. The middle branch originates directly from the trunk of the lumbar artery as an independent branch and proceeds directly toward the lumbar ganglionic surface (73.2%).
5. The inferior branch originates primarily from the dorsal branch of the lumbar artery and proceeds directly to the nerve ganglionic surface (64.7%).
6. Among the superior, middle and inferior branches,51 samples out of 200, or 25.5%, showed anastomosis at the lumbar ganglionic surface. As to modes of anastomosis, the following two types were observed. One is the mode where both branches are connected to each other by a communicating branch. The other is the mode where both branches form a V-shaped anastomosis.

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We encountered two cases of abnormal origins of branches arising from the arch of the aorta. That is to say, in the first case, the aortic arch gave directly off the left external carotid artery as its second branch and the left internal carotid artery as its third branch. In the second case, the aortic arch gave directly off the left external carotid artery as its second branch and the left brachiocephalic trunk dividing into the left internal carotid and the left subclavian artery as its last branch. In both cases the right brachiocephalic trunk arose normally as the first branch of the aortic arch. In the first case the left subclavian artery was the last branch of the aortic arch.
It is conjectured that those anomalies were caused by the disappearance of the left third aortic arch and the persistence of the left carotid duct during the embryonic period.

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The author studied the comparative sensibility of the DAB reaction of Graham and Karnovsky's method and that of Streit and Reubi's method in the rat oculomotor nucleus, trochlear nucleus and abducens nucleus using retrograde transportation of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the rat extraocular muscles. The results indicated that Streit and Reubi's method was more sensitive than Graham and Karnovsky's method. In the ipsilateral oculomotor nucleus, Graham and Karnovsky's method gave 0.76 of the value of Streit and Reubi's method, and 0.27in the contralateral oculomotor nucleus. In the trochlear nuclei, the figures were 0.66 in the ipsilateral and 0.57 in the contralateral, and in the abducens nuclei,0.19in the ipsilateral and 0.23 in the contralateral nucleus.

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Two rare anomalous cases of the splenic artery arising from a common trunk with the superior mesenteric artery, which might be called a lieno-mesenteric trunk, were found in a 89 year-old female and 80-year old male among cadavers used for student dissection. In these cases, the celiac trunk was divided into two branches, the left gastric and the common hepatic arteries, forming a so called hepato-gastric trunk. Up to the present, this type of anomaly has been described in only 15 cases, as far as we can determine, including the present cases. The chief differences in the origin and the course of the splenic artery in both cases were as follows: the origin was on the left side of the lieno-mesenteric trunk in the first case, and at the anterior wall of the trunk in the second case. In the first case the splenic artery ran at the level of the margin of the greater curvature of the stomach, whereas in the second case it was behind the body of the stomach. There was no remarkable variation in the pattern and distribution of the branches arising from the splenic artery. These cases were not classified by Adachi, but belong to type IV''' described by Morita.

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After ultrasonication, many cytoplasmic processes or ridges of the fixed rat kidney proximal tubule cells, projected on all sides from the lateral faces of a single isolated epithelial cell observed under the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Numerous cytoplasmic processes divided into secondary branches running parallel to each other and running transversely to the tubular long axis.
After removal of the basement membrane from the basal surface of the epithelium, an extensive compact linear array can be seen. This indicates the final edges of the branched processes, and we observed frequently microknobs or villi mixed together. These findings show that the final edges of the branched processes must be parallel to each other even though a single cell projects many lateral processes on all sides. These data were also compared and recognized with the transmission electron microscope (TEM) images.
Such a three-dimensional architecture may be helpful both in maintaining the elasticity of the functionally living proximal tubule, and transporting water and ions.

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Intramitochondrial inclusions in pancreatic acinar cells of the re-fed Japanese newt, Triturus pyrrogaster, following starvation were examined with the aide of an electron microscope. Clusters of mitochondria and the close apposition between mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum were observed in the first few hours after re-feeding. Unusual mitochondria, which were observed in the acinar cells of the starved animals, decreased in number and size after refeeding and finally disappeared. We suggest that intramitochondrial inclusions are temporarily induced as a result of depressed mitochondrial function due to prolonged starvation and also that type III inclusions (crystal or crystalloid) originate from the mitochondrial membrane and matrix.

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Biotinylated-enzymes affinity cytochemistry using biotinyl-horseradish peroxidase (B-HRP) and -alkaline phosphatase (B-ALPase) was investigated in the laying hen oviduct. Endogenous biotin-binding activities (EBBA) were demonstrated in granules of tubular gland cells and non-ciliated unicellular epithelial cells in both the lower magnum and the isthmus when the ovum descended into the lower isthmus or uterus. Biotin affinity secretory granules were electron dense and inhomogenous (or cored with dense and less dense regions) and the in size varied from large to small in acinar cells and to small in the epithelium, respectively.
Utilizing this method, EBBA suppressed oviductal tissue synthesizing endogenous avidin, thus facilitating the interpretation of a specific avidin-biotin reaction system introduced into the various histo- and cytochemical tools.
On the other hand, the resultant demonstration of avidin disagrees with ordinal data that had beeh localized in the oviductal goblet cells obtained from chicken oviduct stimulated by ovarian hormones. It is desirable to study the localization of immunoreacting and B-HRP and/or B-ALPase affinity avidin using ovulation occurring in a 24 hr daily period in hens or quails, and/or non-laying ones given gonadal hormones.

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