Most of the major plant, factory, process, equipment and tool disruptions are preventable, and yet preventative fault detection and diagnosis section are not the norm in most industries. It is not uncommon to see simple and preventable faults disrupt the operation of an entire integrated manufacturing facility. For examples faults such as malfunctioning sensors or actuators, inoperative alarm systems, poor controller tuning or configuration can render the most sophisticated control systems useless. Such disruptions can cost in the excess of $1 million per day. Over the last decade the fields of multivariate statistics, and controller performance monitoring techniques have merged to develop powerful sensing and condition-based monitoring systems for predictive fault detection and diagnosis. These methods rely on the notion of sensor fusion whereby data from many sensors and units are combined to give a holistic picture of health of an integrated plant. Such methods combined with embedded digital intelligence are at a stage where such strategies are being implemented for off-line and on-line deployment.

A number of different Doppler ultrasound instrument designs and techniques have been proposed to provide quantitative measurements such percent stenosis, velocity and waveform indices in various clinical applications. To feasible the developed portable Doppler blood velocimetry in application of healthcare, epidemiological investigation was performed in total of 500 subjects to roughly standardize the normal velocity, and explore the roles of regular exercise on the age-associated deteriorations and gender differences on body stature and mass in velocity waveforms. The feature points of velocity were assessed after ensemble averaging 30 cardiac cycles of continuous pulse waveforms. It was characterized to peak systolic (S 1), second systolic (S 2), incisura between systole (I) and peak diastolic (D) and end-diastolic (d), and calculated its velocity indices of wave reflection (WRI; S 1/S 2), vascular elastic recoil (ERI; D/I) and peripheral vascular resistive (RI; 1-d/S 1). In cross-sectional investigation, blood velocities in S 1 were found higher in exercise-trained, whereas S 2, D and d were not different between trained and sedentary individuals. The indices of WRI and ERI had marked higher values in exercise-trained adults. Velocity waveforms were increased with association of decreased heart rate after 1-month aerobic exercise intervention. The possibility in differences of carotid blood velocities and brachial blood pressure that are related to body stature and mass was assessed using the cross-sectional investigation. Women had higher velocity components compared to men, except for S 1 velocity. Women had a significant greater WRI, smaller RI and lower ERI than in men. Greater body weight is associated with higher pressures and lower velocities. Shorter body height affects not only the increased RWI, but also the decreased RI and ERL In conclusion, we could confirm that regular exercise improves age-associated deterioration in blood flow velocities in the healthy young, middle-aged and older individuals and restores levels after 1-month exercise in previously sedentary young men. Body stature and mass factors have influences on blood pressure and velocity regulations in the young population.

The standardization of normal values of velocity and its indices may be taken into account many factors that had affected on the velocity.