By clinical observations on patiens after gastrectomy and experimental studies on animals for years, the pathogenic mechanism of reflux esophagitis was made clear and measures to prevent it was devised.
(1) Comparative anatomical studies on several kinds of mammarian animals showed that there were respectively characteristic antireflux mechanisms at cardia.
In man, the muscular fibres so arranged as to constrict the inferior end of the esophagus and the diaphragmatic muscles were anatomically recognized as two leading factors of antireflux and the significance of these factros was as certained by the funcional investigations on dogs.
(2) Determination of isoelectric points of coating epithelial cells in experiments on dogs proved the local specific character of the esophagus that its mucous membrane was the least resistant to duodenal juice or hydrochloric acid in the upper alimental tract. And esophagitis was experimentally produced by contacting a 2.5% solution of bile acid, duodenal juice with bile acid eliminated, or 0.3% hydrochloric acid with esophageal mucons membrane.
(3) As the objective records of the changes were important for clinical investigations on esophagitis, the direct esophagoscope for color photography devised by, Matsumoto was introduced and various pictures of esophagitis photographed with this instrument were displayed.
(4) Incidence of esophagitis after gastrectomy amounted to 53%, which would be remarkably reduced after 4-5 years.
And reflux esophagitis was well prevented and cured by application of a bed inclining 10-15 degrees to hold up the upper part of the body.
(5) Clinical symptoms and roentgenographic findings of reflux esophagitis were detailed.
(6) The method of operation to avoid postoperative reflux esophagitis was mentioned.

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In cases of bronchial fistula, pathological and bacteriological finding, i.e., intrabronchial saprophyles, tuberculous bacilli and their drug resistency, and the changes of bronchi were investigated and the factors affecting the incidence of bronchial fistula were examined with those findings in relation to the employed methods of bronchial closure.
Furthermore prevention of bronchial fistula by the revised method of bronchial closure was studied.
Results are as follows.
1. There is found no relation between saprophiles in the mucous membrane of the amputated bronchus and the changes of the bronchus, and the incidence of bronchial fistula.
2. A relation is recognized between the existence of tubercle bacilli, especially the ones resistant to drugs in the mucous membrane of the amputated bronchus and the incidence of bronchial fistula.
3. In animal experiments, in which various methods of bronchial closure were compared with each other, healing by first intention was observed in cases in which the inversion method was used.
4. As far the methods of bronchial closure, Métras' and inversion method bring about less incidence of bronchial fistula than Sweet's method, even tn the cases with tubercle bacilli resistant to the drugs, of the suture materials, catgut suture causes bronchial fistula less than silk suture.

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In order to elucidate the relation between the lesion of pulmonary tuberculosis and tuberculous changes of bronchus, bronchograms and pathohistological findings of 106 cases after lobectomy or pneumonectomy were examined.
1) The pre-operative bronchograms showed that there was dilation of the bronchi in 95% of the cases, mostly in the upper lobes, right or left, and a close relation with changes in the pulmonary parenchym was noticed.
In 32%, morrbid bronchi were found in normal lung fields, especially middle lobes and lingulas, which showed no signs in the roentgenograms.
2) Pathohistology of such morbid bronchi revealed tuberculous bronchitis in 85% of those with stenosis, in 44-53% of those with cylindrical or cystic dilation, and in 30% of those with rosary-like dilation.
3) The tuberculous bronchitis was most frequently found in drain-bronchi and next in the proximal bronchi. But even in remote bronchi, which were situated far from the chief lesion, tuberculous changes were encountered at a fairly high rate when they showed abnormal bronchograms, and in 19% of those which showed normal bronchograms.
4) Regarding the forms of chief lesions cases with cavities showed the highest rate of the incidence of tuberculous bronchitis, those with caseous bronchitis were in the second place, and those with encapsulated caseous lesion and cicatrization had generally a low rate.
5) In cases in which bacilli were positive in sputum preoperatively, tuberculous bronchitis was rather frequently noticed, and more frequently in those with drug resistant bacilli.
6) Tuberculosis of mucous glands was noticed in bronchus in normal lung fields at a relative higher rate than in drain or proximal bronchus.
7) In cases in which were given chemotherapy for 7-12 months a diminishing tendency in the incidence of tuberculons bronchitis was recognized. However a recurrence of tuberculaus bronchitis was noted in spite of chemotherapy for a long period.

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There often mixed infections in the course of candidiasis of pharynx and it is necessary to apply the suitable antibiotics in order to control the condition.
The application of antibiotics has antiphlogistic effect and no tendency to accelerate the proliferation of Candida albicans and so exacerbate the conditions.
Adrenocortical hypofunction was recognized in cases with candidiasis of pharynx, especially in the stage where the ulcer was enlarged. It is obscure whether this the cause or the consequence of the disease, but it corresponds with the fact that the adrenocortical hormone is clinically effective against the disease.
The threads of Candida albicans are often found in the focus in the stage where the ulcer is enlarged, but only the spores are noticed where the ulcer is reduced by application of adrenocortical hormone.
The reduction of the ulcer doesn't mean the extermination of the germs.

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Bilateral X-ray films of the throat composing of 30 normal cases and 340 patients who complained of paresthesia of the throat were studied. The shape and position of the major horns of hyoid bone were abnormal in 57 patients: 1) The both major horns were asymmetrical in 28 patients. 2) The crossing angle on the projection of both major horns was smaller in 25 patients. 3) The combination of 1st and 2nd abnormality was in 9 patients. 4) The horns of 4 patients inclined markedly downward: The pair of major horns varied in thickness each other were in 29 patients. There were 13 patients with calcified minor horn and stylohyoideal ligament and 20 patients with calcified triticeal cartilage.

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A 16 years old girl ospirated a pin which was found in the ripht fronchus. An attempt at removal under fluonoscopic guidance was unsuccesopul. While getting ready for anather attevept under biplane fluorosecope the patient caughed the piu aut of the aivway and swolloved. It was fiually expelled thraugh the fowels.

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