A search for cases of fcreign bodies in the trachea and bronchi in literature after 1970 revealed a total of 166 cases.
The author analized these cases as well as his own cases and confirmed that the Holzknecht's sign is a reliable criterion for diagnosis of a foreign body in the lower airway although the sign is not always prominent in every case. The review of the literature also indicated that foreign bcdies in infants, iatrcgenic and radiolucent foreign bodies appear to be of major interest to otolaryngologists. Indication for tracheotomy in removal of foreign bodies and for ventilating bronchoscopy is discussed.
The author pointed to the recent increasing trend of choice of flexible bronchoscopy for removal of foreign bcdies and concluded that further development of the techniques in this field could be achieved by learning various difficulties that were experienced by our predecessors who used only hard bronchoscopes.

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Since J. N. Czermak reported a case of “ventricular dysphonia” in 1859, observative and basic studies on that dysphonia have been performed by many laryngologists. Those studies have been remarkably advanced thanks to recent progress of methods for laryngeal examinations and therapeutical procedures.
It is well known that pathologically hypertrophic ventricular folds results in dysphonia. It is revealed in this study that hypertrophic ventricular fold produces hoarseness which may be abolished by resection of hypertrophic ventricular fold. These basic studies were carried out by use of excised larynges of canine and man.
In our clinic, 104 cases were examined for 12 years from 1965 to 1976. Among those, resection of ventricular fold was performed on 20 cases with good results.

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To investigate psychological factors related to the foreign body sensation of the pharyngolaryngeal region, we perfored the interview on sixteen patients who had been complaining the symptom without any local lesion or systemic disease.
The psychiatrical diagnosis based on the interview were as follows.
various types of neurosis 10 cases
depression 2 cases
cenestpathia 2 cases
schizophrenia 2 cases
In two cases of depression, antidepressants with psychotherapy were administered in otolaryngologic clinic. The results were quite satisfactory.
Two cases of schizophrenia, psychiatrists also confirmed the diagnosis, were treated in psychiatric clinic. It is our impression that treatments by psychiatrist is absolutely necessary for schizophrenic patients.
The foreign body sensation arise from psychiatric disturbances in some patients, thus we otologists should take detailed history, and examine the mental status with the aid of psychiatrist if necessary.

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1. Flow-Volume loops of lesions in the trachea and larynx showed decrease of peak expira tory flow (plateau formation). In tracheal stenosis, F-V loops showed much more decrease than in laryngeal stenosis.
2. The values of forced expiratory volume in one second were relatively well preserved both in laryngeal and tracheal obstruction.
3. In bilateral immobilization of the vocal cords, cases with the value of peak expiratory flow less than 50% of normal complained marked dyspnea subjectively. The value of 50% was thought to be one of the indicators for surgical treatments.
4. Flow-Volume loop method was simple and effective for evaluating the site and nature of major air way stenosis and for evaluating surgical results.

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For the past 13 years (from May, 1969 to December, 1975), the cases of lung cancer and laryngeal cancer treated in National Cancer Center Hospital are 1451 and 463 respectively. We have studied 15 complication cases of the lung and laryngeal cancers, and have set up our original standard for the definition of multiple cancer cases according to the Warren and Gates standard. The expected occurrence rate of multiple cancers was computed with the person-year-method, and as the result, it was revealed statistically that the lung cancer is frequently originated from the laryngeal cancer. The patient having the history of laryngeal cancer was diagnosed as lung cancer with the sputum cytology, and the definitive diagnosis was obtained by bronchofiberscopy, and thus the detection of early lung cancer has become possible. The cigarette smoking is one of the most important environmental factors for the multiple cancer cases of the lung and larynx, and, therefore, the etiological study of such environmental factors concerning the multiple case of laryngeal and lung cancer would not be so significant in the future, if the cigarette smoking' factor should be excluded.

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By means of the ventilation bronchoscope under general anesthesia; 100 cases of foreign bodies in the airway were treated on our department during past 10 years.
We concluded that this method is safe and useful enough for the removal of the foreign bodies through the analysis of these cases.
Male to female ratio in our cases was about 2 to 1 and this was the similar ratio reported in other papers.
The youngest patient was 6 months old and the oldest was 78 years old. 69 cases of these cases were under 3 years of age.
The radioparent foreign body was found in 83 cases and 48 cases of which were the peanuts.
Concerning the site of lodgement of the foreign bodies, an interesting result was obtained that the left bronchus was more frequently invaded than the right in the group of the cases under 6 years of age, while the right bronchus lodgement was predominant in number in the group of the whole cases.
This tendency was further remarkable in the cases of peanuts the foreign body, so some discussions were given about this statistic results.
The advantages and disadvantages of upper and lower bronchoscopy were also discussed respectively and several attentions which should be paid at the time of removal were described.
98 cases were treated by the first or second trial of removal.
One of two other cases suffered from severe pneumonia immediately after the foreign body removal (several pieces of chestnut). In spite of the emergency tracheotomy, this patient died of sudden cardiac failure.
The foreign body (a small plastic bullet) of the second case was removed by thoracotomy, because its lodging portion was too peripheral (B9) to remove with the smallest bronchoscope.

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The patient was introduced to our hospital by another physician about 1.5 months after he had swallowed foreign bodies by mistake. Removal of the foreign bodies was unsuccessfully tried using hard specula and bronchial fiberscope under general anesthesia. Resection of the left upper lobe was inevitably carried out because of irreversible changes in the pulmonary parenchyma. The experience in the case of old bronchial foreign bodies in the left upper lobe is reported.

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