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Volume 49 (1998)
- Issue 6 Pages 463-
- Issue 5 Pages 395-
- Issue 4 Pages 317-
- Issue 3 Pages 243-
- Issue 2 Pages 53-
- Issue 1 Pages 1-
Volume 49, Issue 2
Displaying 1-32 of 32 articles from this issue
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese]1998 Volume 49 Issue 2 Pages 53-56
Published: April 10, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: October 20, 2010
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Alan D. Miller, D. Ph1998 Volume 49 Issue 2 Pages 57-64
Published: April 10, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: October 20, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSNausea and vomiting (emesis) occur under a variety of conditions in response to activation of one or more emetic triggers, such as abdominal visceral, cardiac and vestibular nerve afferents, the area postrema chemoreceptor trigger zone in the caudal brainstem, and higher brain centers. The act of vomiting is coordinated by neuronal circuitry located in the brainstem and extending from the nucleus of the solitary tract through the lateral tegmental field of the reticular formation to the ventrolateral medulla. The sensation of nausea is thought to involve the cerebral cortex. The motor act of vomiting is produced primarily by complicated changes in the activity of the respiratory muscles. There are also complex changes in the activity of the gastrointestinal tract, which are mediated by the vagus nerve but are not essential for vomiting. The recently introduced serotonin type 3 receptor antagonists are very effective in combating nausea and vomiting induced by cancer chemotherapy and radiation therapy. More broad based anti-emetic action has been achieved in animal models by using serotonin type 1A receptor agonists and neurokinin type 1 receptor antagonists. Stimulation of the P6 acupuncture point is reported to be effective against motion and pregnancy sickness, and postoperative and cancer chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Greater understanding of the mechanisms underlying nausea and vomiting and more effective treatments are still required, especially in conditions such as pregnancy sickness, postoperative nausea and vomiting, the delayed phase of vomiting following cisplatin therapy, and cyclical vomiting.View full abstractDownload PDF (1695K) -
Kin-ichi Nabeya1998 Volume 49 Issue 2 Pages 65-70
Published: April 10, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: October 20, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn oriental traditional medicine, the most important idea is to understand “sho (Symptoms and cofirmation). ” The sho of each patient can be obtained by arranging all the subjective and objective symptoms and by evaluations of the “negative and positive stages, ” the “deficient and excessive states, ” and the “mental strength, blood circulation and water metabolism. ”The selection of kampo prescriptions according to sho in the field of broncho-esophagology are described here. 1) Halitosis : For excessive state patients, Saiko-ka-ryukotsu-borei-to or Hange-shashin-to is used. For deficient state patients, Kami-shoyo-san or Rikkunshi-to is used. 2) Thirst and dry sensations: Thirst is a symptom of stagnant water patients and patients desiring much water. Byakko-ka-ninjin-to or Gorei-san is used for excessive state patients. For deficient state patients, Hachimi-jio-gan is used. Dry sensation is caused by insufficiency of saliva secretion and Juzen-taiho-to or Bakumondo-to is prescribed. 3) Pharyngo-laryngeal pain : In cases of acute or chronic pharyngo-laryngitis, Kanzo-to, Kikyo-to and/or Shosaiko-to ka-kikyo-sekko are used. 4) Neurosis of the pharyngolarynx and the esophagus : Hange-koboku-to, Saiko-ka-ryukotsu-borei-to and/or Kami-shoyo-san are used. 5) Cough : For excessive state patients, Makyo-kanseki-to and/or Shosaiko-to are used. For deficient state patients, Bakumondo-to is used. 6) Sputum : When sputum volume is heavy and watery, Sho-seiryu-to is indicated. For patients with gastric atony, Ryo-kan-kyo-mi-shin-ge-nin-to excluding Mao is used. When sputum excretion is difficult, Makyo-kanseki-to and/or Sho-saiko-to are used. 7) Heart-burn, belching and distension : These symptoms are seen in cases of esophagitis and reflux esophagitis. If epigastric resistance is seen, Hange-shashin-to is indicated. If gastric stagnant water is heard, Rikkunshi-to or Bukuryo-in is selected. 8) Hiccups : This is myoclonus of the diaphragm muscle. Kippi-chikujo-to, Shitei-to or Goshuyu-to is generally prescribed.View full abstractDownload PDF (919K) -
Eiji Yumoto, Tetsuji Sanuki, Yoshifumi Yasuhara, Takashi Ochi1998 Volume 49 Issue 2 Pages 71-77
Published: April 10, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: October 20, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTwenty-seven patients with several laryngeal ailments underwent helical computed tomography (CT) on 37 occasions. Ten of these 27 patients suffered from unilateral vocal fold paralysis (UVFP). Three-dimensional (3D) images of the laryngeal lumen viewed from various angles were produced for all sets of CT volumetric data, except for three which contained excessive motion artifacts. The present paper examined whether 3D endoscopic images could offer useful diagnostic and therapeutic information about UVFP. The 3D endoscopic images viewed from the tracheal side and the hemilaryngeal images viewed from the opposite side could delineate the vocal folds, ventricular fold and ventricle three-dimensionally. Atrophy and hypotonic changes to the vocal fold and expansion of the ventricle on the affected side were clearly shown. The 3D endoscopic images accurately showed the phonosurgical effects on the laryngeal structures. The 3D endoscopic images could be produced even when the vocal folds could not be observed with conventional endoscopy due to their overadduction. Multiplanar reconstruction (MPR) images in the coronal plane were reconstructed at a right angle to the glottic axis when the whole larynx was deviated. In addition, coronal MPR images showed a better resolution among the different layers of the vocal fold soft tissue than X-ray tomography. In conclusion, 3D endoscopic images combined with coronal MPR images can provide useful diagnostic an therapeutic information about UVFP, although motion artifacts may occur.View full abstractDownload PDF (7420K) -
[in Japanese], [in Japanese]1998 Volume 49 Issue 2 Pages 78-80
Published: April 10, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: October 20, 2010
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Masato Miwa, Shigenobu Iwata, Akihiko Takasu, Mitsuyoshi Hirano, Hisay ...1998 Volume 49 Issue 2 Pages 81-85
Published: April 10, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: October 20, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe origin of airway secretion is thought to be in the seromucous glands, goblet cells, transudation from capillary secretions and cell debris from leucocytes. We demonstrated that ciliated airway epithelial cells have chloride channel activities and can secrete chloride ions after administration of isoproterenol, ATP, UTP and acetylcholine using the patch-clamp technique. The activated chloride channel activities were significantly inhibited by macrolide. We concluded that the periciliary layer of low viscosity in which the cilia beat may originated with the ciliated epithelial cell themselves.View full abstractDownload PDF (883K) -
The Role of the K ChannelJun Tamaoki, Etsuko Tagaya, Isao Yamawaki, Kauzo Isono, Kazuyuki Nishi ...1998 Volume 49 Issue 2 Pages 86-90
Published: April 10, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: October 20, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo determine the role of K channels in epithelium-dependent bronchodilation, we studied canine bronchial rings in the presence of indomethacin and NG-nitro-L-arginine methylester under isometric conditions in vitro. Mechanical removal of the epithelium increased contractile responses to acetylcholine, so that pD2 values increased from 5.0±0.2 to 5.9±0.3 (P<0.001). This potentiation was prevented by iberiotoxin but not by apamin or glibenclamide. In a cascade bioassay, application of the bathing medium from cultured epithelial cells to epithelium-denuded bronchial rings decreased acetylcholine-induced contraction by 44±6 %. This effect was reduced to 10±3 % (P<0.01) when the epithelial cells were pretreated with iberiotoxin, and to 4±1 % (P<0.001) when the epithelial cells were incubated with Ca2+-free medium containing BAPTA-AM. In contrast, the bronchodilatory effect of the bathing medium from epithelial cells was not altered by the direct addition of iberiotoxin to epithelium-denuded tissues. These results suggest that the large conductance of the Ca2+-activated K channel may play a role in the synthesis and/or release of the smooth-muscle relaxing factor, which is neither nitric oxide nor a cyclooxygenase product, from airway epithelial cells.View full abstractDownload PDF (968K) -
Yuichi Majima, Yasuo Sakakura1998 Volume 49 Issue 2 Pages 91-96
Published: April 10, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: October 20, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSMucociliary clearance serves to remove inhaled participate matters from the upper and lower respiratory tracts. Since mucociliary clearance is composed of ciliary activity and mucus and their interactions, any abnormal function of these components could contribute to mucociliary dysfunction. Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a congenital anomaly in ciliary structure, and mucociliary clearance is totally absent in such patients. Patients with PCD suffer from chronic upper and lower respiratory diseases, such as bronchiectasis, chronic sinusitis and otitis media with effusion. Thus, mucociliary clearance is essential to host defense mechanisms. Mucociliary dysfunction in PCD can not be treated properly, because ciliary activity is impaired due to the abnormal structure of the cilia.
Mucociliary dysfunction is also observed in upper and/or lower respiratory diseases even in patients without PCD. In these patients, mucociliary clearance is recoverable by treatment of the disease. The treatment of nasal mucociliary dysfunction in chronic sinusitis is discussed in relation to the mechanisms of nasal mucociliary dysfunction.View full abstractDownload PDF (3118K) -
Sanae Shimura, Hiroki Saitoh, Tohru Masuda, Tsukasa Sasaki, Kunio Shir ...1998 Volume 49 Issue 2 Pages 97-102
Published: April 10, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: October 20, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSBronchial glands are abundant in human airways, playing a central role in airway secretion and the secretion of mucin, electrolytes and various defensive substances. Both mucin and electrolyte secretions from the bronchial glands maintain an effective mucociliary transport in the airways. Various defensive substances from the bronchial glands include lactoferrin, lysozyme, secretory IgA, secretory leukoprotease inhibitor (SLPI) and surfactant protein A (SP-A). Here, we focused on SLPI and SP-A secretion from human bronchial glands. First, we examined the secretory response and gene expression of SLPI in isolated human glands in response to human neutrophil elastase (HNE). The results indicate that, in human bronchial glands, HNE at low concentrations stimulates SLPI production and secretion, whereas HNE at high concentrations does not. Next, we examined SP-A secretion and gene expression in human bronchial glands. The findings indicate that human bronchial gland cells can transcribe the SP-A2 gene and produce SP-A in a manner different from alveoli, thus playing a role in airway defense mechanisms.View full abstractDownload PDF (6068K) -
Nobuo Kubo1998 Volume 49 Issue 2 Pages 103-108
Published: April 10, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: October 20, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSNitric oxide (NO) is produced in human airways and can be measured in exhaled air. It has recently been reported that most exhaled NO derives from the upper airways. Our current data suggest that endothelial cells in the nasal mucosa are the dominant source of NO. The net output of NO (VNO) is considered to be a very reliable value for the quantitative assessment of airway NO production, since the concentration of exhaled NO correlates hyperbolically with the ventilation volume. Using VNO, NO production in the airways can be evaluated in various airway diseases. Nasal and oral VNO are not elevated in any pathological conditions, including asthma, while they are decreased in chronic sinusitis and chronic bronchitis. NO concentration in the nose and saccharine time, which indicates nasal muco-ciliary transportation, are significantly correlated. As NO is a regulator of muco-ciliary activity, the decreased concentration of NO in chronic sino-bronchial inflammation-which is characterized by neutrophil infiltration and dysfunction of muco-ciliary transportation-may contribute to their pathogenesis. NO might be terminated by O2- produced by neutrophils.View full abstractDownload PDF (4414K) -
Shu Hashimoto, Yasuhiro Gon, Jyunji Yodoi, Takashi Horie1998 Volume 49 Issue 2 Pages 109-112
Published: April 10, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: October 20, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThioredoxin (TRX) /adult T-cell leukemia derived factor (ADF) displays various biological activities including a radical scavenging activity. However, the role of TRX in preventing reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs) -induced acute lung injury has not been determined. In the present study, we examined the expression of TRX in bleomycin (BLM) -treated mice in order to clarify the protective role of TRX in preventing ROIs-induced acute lung injury. Immunohistochemical staining and in situ hybridization revealed that TRX expression in BLM-treated mice was strongly induced in the bronchial epithelium and in alveolar type II cells showing more resistance to BLM-induced cell cytotoxicity than other types of cells. In addition, TRX expression, but not that of MnSOD, catalase or GSH-PX, was enhanced in BLM-stimulated bronchial epithelial cell lines (BEAS-2B) in vitro. These results indicate that TRX plays a central role in preventing ROIs-mediated acute lung injury.View full abstractDownload PDF (19K) -
[in Japanese], [in Japanese]1998 Volume 49 Issue 2 Pages 113-114
Published: April 10, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: October 20, 2010
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Susumu Nakajima, Takeshi Takemura, Isao Sakata1998 Volume 49 Issue 2 Pages 115-119
Published: April 10, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: November 26, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe speculate that the mechanism of the accumulation of porphyrins in tumor tissue is the connection to proteins-because of their high πelectron content-and the amphipathicity nature of porphyrins, which causes a high affinity of lipoprotein and porphyrin. Cancer tissue takes up lipoprotein actively by endocytosis associated with the enhancement of LDL, trans-ferrin and hemopexin receptor activities. Cancer tissue can not exclude lipoprotein connected with porphyrin because of its immaturity or lack of lymphatic tissue.
The photoreaction of porphyrins inducing phototoxicity may be divided into two major mechanisms : Type 1 mechanisms, in which the sensitizer molecules excited in the lowest triplet state react directly with biological substrates to lead to cell damage ; and Type 2 mechanism, in which the photogenerated triplet state of the sensitizer reacts with oxygen by an energy transfer process, to produce singlet molecular oxygen. Recently our studies have using a pulsed laser with high peak power revealed that the effective penetration depth of PDT is over 1.5 cm. PDT using new sensitizers with new devices may be useful for not only for the treatment of superficial tumors, but also of advanced, solid tumors.View full abstractDownload PDF (3655K) -
Tetsuya Tanabe, Tsuyoshi Matsunaga, Manabu Nakanoboh, Masami Ogura, Sa ...1998 Volume 49 Issue 2 Pages 120-123
Published: April 10, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: October 20, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe role of laser surgery in treating carcinomas of the larynx and pharynx was presented based on our 15-year experience. Seventy-five cases of glottic carcinoma were treated with laser surgery. The 3-year determinate survival rate was 100%, and the voice coservation rate was 91% (52/57) for T1 cases and 78% (14/18) for T2. About 90% of theglottic T1 cases were cured by laser surgery alone, and laser surgery followed by external radiotherapy in the T2 cases improved the voice coservation rate. Thirty-four cases of oropharyngeal carcinoma treated at our hospital were also reviewed. Eleven cases were treated with laser surgery followed by radio-chemotherapy and were well controlled. Seventeen patients with subglottic or tracheal stenosis were treated with laser surgery. Sixteen patients required emergency laser surgery due to severe dyspnea, and satisfactory results were achieved in 12, who obtained an adequate lumen for ventilation. Airway obstructions due to malignant tumors can also be effectively reduced using laser surgery.View full abstractDownload PDF (890K) -
Katsuhisa Ikeda1998 Volume 49 Issue 2 Pages 124-126
Published: April 10, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: October 20, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDepartment of Otorhinolaryngology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai The KTP/532 laser has the advantage of utilizing flexible fibers which can be used to treat deep lesions with an endoscope. Its wavelength is highly absorbed in hemoglobin. These properties are suitable for indications of oropharyngeal disorders. The present research studied the clinical application of the KTP/532 laser in the following cases : i) nasopharyngeal cysts, ii) laser-assisted uvulopalatoplasty, and iii) laser mid-line glossectomy.View full abstractDownload PDF (1800K) -
Chimori Konaka, Shin Nakajima, Tetsuya Okunaka, Kinya Furukawa, Haruma ...1998 Volume 49 Issue 2 Pages 127-131
Published: April 10, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: October 20, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSurgical resection is the treatment of choice for tracheal and bronchogenic carcinoma. However, there are several inoperable cases because of poor performance status due to severe tumor invasion, or aging.
On the other hand, an increasing number of early-stage lung cancer cases is being detected as a result of improved survey and diagnostic techniques. In patients with limited pulmonary function, it would therefore be beneficial to reduce the extent of resection, thereby preserving pulmonary function.
Patients with severe respiratory distress, immediate Nd-YAG laser therapy and/or stenting is the first choice to improve their performance status, and PDT provides an alternative to surgical resection as the primary treatment for patients with early-stage central-type lung cancer.
Considering the quality of life of such patients, the role of conservative treatments such as laser therapy, brachy therapy and stenting are discussed in this paper.View full abstractDownload PDF (4667K) -
Kiyoyuki Furuse1998 Volume 49 Issue 2 Pages 132-136
Published: April 10, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: October 20, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSOur first phase II study on PDT with photofrin II showed an excellent effect on patients with ESLC who had a limited tumor extent over a small area (≤1 cm). The interium analysis in a second phase II study of PDT with an excimer dye laser in operable ESLC demonstrated that of the 17 eligible patients, 15 had a complete response rate (88.2%) and all 17 patients achieved an 86% survival rate at 3 years. The interium analysis suggests that PDT might become to be an effective alternative to surgery. Our study of the occurence of second primary tumors (SPT) in patients with ESLC treated with PDT ± radiotherapy (RT) suggested that RT has a tendency to increase the incidence of SPT. As a result, PDT may be recommended as the first endoscopic treatment for unresectable ESLC.View full abstractDownload PDF (863K) -
Hitoshi Shimao, Masaki Morise, Osamu Tsutsumi, Yoshitaka Arai, Shirou ...1998 Volume 49 Issue 2 Pages 137-141
Published: April 10, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: October 20, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSStents were endoscopically implanted in 88 patients with stenosis of the upper gastrointes-tinal tractassociated with unresectable, malignant tumors. Of these, 63 patients who could be followed up were studied from the standpoint of improvement for quality of life. Two types of stents were used: one a plastic stent and the other a self-expandable stent. We compared the plastic stents with the self-expandable stents. Among the patients with implanted plastic stents, a total of 44.7% showed some improvementin oral food intake: 15.8% were able to ingest an all-rice-gruel diet and 28.9% had improved oral foodintake. Among the patients with implanted self-expandable stents, a total of 80% showed improvement: 35.0% were on an all-rice-gruel diet, and 45.0% had better oral food intake than before stent placement. The duration of the survival in patients with plastic stents ranged from 0.3 to 19 months (mean: 3.4 months), and that for patients with self-expandable stents ranged from 0.2 to 14.3 months (mean: 5.7months). From additional examinations, we concluded that the self-expandable stents are easier to implant, more effective and have a lower complication rate than plastic stents.View full abstractDownload PDF (4086K) -
[in Japanese], [in Japanese]1998 Volume 49 Issue 2 Pages 142-143
Published: April 10, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: October 20, 2010
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese]1998 Volume 49 Issue 2 Pages 144-145
Published: April 10, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: October 20, 2010
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Satoshi Fukuda, Akihiro Honma, Nobuhiko Oridate, Yukio Inuyama1998 Volume 49 Issue 2 Pages 146-150
Published: April 10, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: October 20, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn recent years, the incidence of multiple primary cancers in the head and neck regions has actually increased year by year. Inuyama et al. reported the incidence of multiple primary cancers in the head and neck regions as 2.1% of the total their head and neck cancer casesi 1976. Recent reports have revealed the incidence of such cancers to be over 20%. In our series of 74 oropharyngeal cancer patients, the incidence of multiple primary cancers was regarded as 36% (27/74). In terms of the concept of field carcinogenesis or multicentric zones, endo-scopic examination of the esophagus and stomach-including Lugol's solution test-are consid-ered essential in the high risk group for the early detection of multiple primary cancer. From the viewpoint of prophylactic medicine, we consider education regarding not only decreased smoking and alcohol consumption but also chemoprevention to be important.View full abstractDownload PDF (1091K) -
Hiroshi Watanabe1998 Volume 49 Issue 2 Pages 151-155
Published: April 10, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: October 20, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSRecently, the incidence of multiple primary esophageal cancer (MPEC) has increased. During the 5 yearsfrom 1992 to 1996, the percentage of MPECs which underwent resection at the National Cancer Center was39.0%. The frequency of esophageal cancer associated with head and neck cancer has especially increased. For the early detection of second primary esophageal cancer, an endoscopic examination with Lugol stain should be made routinely after treatment for head and neck cancer.View full abstractDownload PDF (3604K) -
Takehiko Fujisawa, Kiyoshi Shibuya, Yukio Saitoh, Toshihiko Iizasa, Ma ...1998 Volume 49 Issue 2 Pages 156-160
Published: April 10, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: October 20, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe clinical characteristics and results of surgical treatment in patients with double carcinomas of the lung and other organs were evaluated using 73 patients with pathologically confirmed double carcinomas out of a total of 1279 lung carcinoma patients resected from 1980 to 1996. The double carcinomas were divided into three groups according to anatomical conditions and environmental factors including smoking habits; Group A; laryngopharynx and esophagus; Group B: gastroduodenum, hepatopancreas, kidney and urinary bladder; Group C : colorectum, breast, uterus and other organs. Clinical features revealedsignificant differences in the gender distribution and smoking indices of Groups A, B and C. The re-occurrence interval also demonstrated a significant difference between Groups A and C. However, no significant differences were observed in age distribution, the histologic types of the lung carcinoma, or the pathological stages of the lung carcinoma. The overall 5-year survival rates from lung resection inGroups A, B and C were 61.5%, 46.6% and 68.7%, respectively. There was a significant difference between Groups B and C (p<0.05) in terms of logrank test. The survival rate in patients with synchronous double carcinomas was worse than that in metachronous double carcinoma patients who subsequent-ly had resected lung carcinoma. Smoking habits is considered to be strongly related to double carcinomas of the lung, the laryngopharynx and the esophagus, and a surgical treatment for lung carcinomas is a promising modality to increase survival in patients with such double carcinomas.View full abstractDownload PDF (758K) -
Hideaki Tsukuma, Hideo Tanaka, Wakiko Ajiki, Akira Oshima, Kunio Yoshi ...1998 Volume 49 Issue 2 Pages 161-167
Published: April 10, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: October 20, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWith increasing survival after treatment for cancer, the incidence of second primaries has increased.Data from the Osaka Cancer Registry showed that the incidence rates of second primaries were associated with gender (male), age and calendar year at diagnosis of the first cancer. Patients who developecancer of the colon, larynx, lung, bladder or breast showed a significantly higher risk of developing second primary cancer than the expected, which was calculated based on the age, sex, and calendar-year specific incidence rates of cancer in Osaka. Laryngeal cancer patients showed a significantly increased risk for developing cancers of the mouth and pharynx, esophagus, liver, lung and bladder. Data from the Hospital Cancer Registry of the Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases showed that patients diagnosed with cancer of the mouth or oro-, or hypo-pharynx had a significantly elevated risk for developing cancers of the mouth and pharynx, esophagus, larynx and lung. Such associations between first and second primary cancers seemed to be explained in large part by smoking and heavy drinking as shared risk factors. The effects of smoking and drinking on the risk for second primary cancers were also examined. It was suggested that smoking cessation might reduce the risk of second primaries among laryngeal cancer patients.View full abstractDownload PDF (1164K) -
1998 Volume 49 Issue 2 Pages 169-177
Published: April 10, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: October 20, 2010
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1998 Volume 49 Issue 2 Pages 177-185
Published: April 10, 1998
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1998 Volume 49 Issue 2 Pages 185-193
Published: April 10, 1998
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1998 Volume 49 Issue 2 Pages 193-201
Published: April 10, 1998
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1998 Volume 49 Issue 2 Pages 201-209
Published: April 10, 1998
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1998 Volume 49 Issue 2 Pages 209-218
Published: April 10, 1998
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1998 Volume 49 Issue 2 Pages 218-227
Published: April 10, 1998
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1998 Volume 49 Issue 2 Pages 227-237
Published: April 10, 1998
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