The purpose of the present paper is to consider the architectur of the esophagus from the viewpoint of the functional anatomy. The studies are carried out anatomically, histologically and embryologically on the following these concerning to the muscle coat of esophagus: The correlative relation between the circular and longitudinal muscle layer, the relative quantity and its change of the striated and smooth musculature, the coarse of the muscular bundle in different portion of the esophagus, the arrangement of the muscular bundles as a superioresophageal sphincter, state of muscular coat at the inferior part of esohagus (so-called inferior sphincter), nerve supply to the esophageal muscle coat with particular reference to the accommodation of the myenteric plexus of Auerbach. The findings of these researches and the functional meaning of these results are discussed, then the author inclined to have come to the conclusion that the muscle coat of the esophagus is of double origin and each of the portions has its peculiar function: the upper or striated portion is derived from the pharyngeal muscle and has function to push down the food rapidly, while the lower or nonstriated portion arises from the essential muscle coat of the gut and has a role to lead the food slowly into the stomach.

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A. Respiratory center
The location of respiratory centers has been intensively studied, unity of opinions being, however, yet beyond our reach. I am of the opinion that the centers of normal breathings which have rhythmicity are located at the level of striae acoustics and bilaterally in small cell groups situated in the lateral reticular formation (Fig. 1). The evidences are as follows: (a) Careful removal of the part of the pons situated just rostral to the region mentioned above does not affect the pattern of the breathings, except for transtory changes (Fig. 1 and 2). Injury of the region brings about the irregularities of breathings, and the abnormal pattern of breathings, that is, the gasps appear when finally the region is entirely removed (Fig. 1 and 2). (b) Electrical coagulation of the lateral reticular formation at the level of acoustic striae produces the standstill of the normal breathings, being followed sooner or later by gasps, which apparently differ from the normal breathings in that they consist of abrupt and convulsive contractions of the respiratory muscles. We believe that the second center exists to produce the gasps, being mainly localized in the medullary lateral reticular formation which extends from the lower limb of the acoustic striae to the apex. In addition, we want to emphasize that it may be unnecessary to assume the so-called pneumotaxic center to exist in the upper pons.
The pathways of axons coming from the normal respiratory centers descend through the lateral reticular formation of the medulla oblongata to reach the respiratory motoneurons located in the spinal anterior horns via the spinal reticular formation; some fibers may on their way cross on the other side.
By means of unipolar microelectrode the action potentials with a respiratory rhythm can be detected from the normal respiratory centers and centrifugal respiratory pathways (Fig. 3). The inspiratory and expiratory neurons do not show any localized arrangement in the center; they are intermingled with each other, the former being much higher in the degree of activity and greater in frequency of detection than the latter.
As regards the mechanism of the alternation of the activity of the inspiratory and expiratory neurons, some suggestions may be postulated. In the animal whose normal respiratory centers are removed, gasps appear at long intervals. Electromyograms of the respiratory muscles reveal that during the long pauses the expiratory neurons persistently discharge and that these expiratory impulses disappear every time when inspiratory neurons discharge abrupt and short-lasting impulses. As soon as the inspiratory neurons stop discharging, the expiratory impulses reappear with frequency higher than before, decreasing rapidly in frequency. The inspiratory neurons may take the initiative to produce a burst of impulses, which at the same time inhibits transitorily the action of the expiratory neurons that are persistently discharged. In the normal breathing the pause is too short to present a clear picture as observed in the gasping. It seems that the underlying mechanism of the alternation is essentially the same in both cases.
The normal respiratory centers are endowed with the ability to produce impulses spontaneously, and the gasping centers are also able to discharge impulses, although the ability is inferior to the former. However, the spinal cord shows no sign of automaticity at least in the adult animal.
B. The Nervous Regulation of Respiration
(a) In the nondecerebrated animal stimulation of any sensory nerves generally produces the excessive hyperpnea; The inspiratory muscles contract irregularly and powerfully; an inhibitory effect may be only transitorily seen (Fig. 6). Such a hyperpnea as mentioned above can not be produced when the brain, including the inferior colliculi, is removed. This fact suggests that the centers are located in some part of the brain situated rostrally to the inferior col

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Dysphea caused by Bronchospasm in general anesthesia is rare but one of the most serious complications. This complication was statisfically analysed and the conditions of respiratory muscles during dysphnea complicated in general anesthesia were studied in electromyogram.

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Pediatric patients with dyspnea were seen in 31.1% out of 1366 admissions in 3 years. 17.2% of them were newborn infants. The most major causes of dyspnea were atelectasis and hyaline membrane disease in newborns, and dyspnea in infants other than newborns was mostly of pulmonary origin. On the other hand, metabolic dyspnea was also seen in the considerable number in children.
This paper reported the cause of respiratory distress syndrome of premature infants mainly on the basis of autopsy study on 149 cases. The characteristic morphological pattern of the lung in premature infants was studied from the view point of adaptation process. The clinical manifestations of hyaline membrane formation, characteristic atelectasis and bronchiolar emphysema were observed in relation to the birth weight and the survival time after birth. Furthermore, experimental studies were carried out on the autopsied cases. Morphological findings on the lung in premature infants were closely associated with cardio-pulmonary adaptation. Experimental studies on animals lead us to find the facts that the alveolar capillaries are filled with blood gradually after birth and the dilatation of the capillaries in the alveolar wall reaches its peak filled with enough blood after 2 or 3 days. These facts have relation to pulmonary hemorrhage which is most frequently seen 3 days after birth, and also have relation to hyaline membrane disease in which blood congestion is usually present. Thus dyspnea seen in newborn infants, especially in premature babies, seems to have close association with damage in cardio-pulmonary adaptation.
Besides above studies, chest X-rays of over 500 newborn infants were examined with the results that respiratory distress syndrome is seen not only in the infants showing abnormal shadows on the film but also in those who have no pathological findings on the chest X-ray. In the latter cases dyspnea is supposed to be of metabolic and/or abnormality of central nervous system.

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Respiratory disturbance related to mediastinal tumor was studied in 17 tumor cases in this region. Varying degree of dyspnea was present in 9 cases and 2 of them were in moderate respiratory difficulty.
It seems that most of anterior mediastinal tumor produces respiratory disturbance while middle and posterior mediastinal tumors were often free of airway trouble.
Symptoms were parallel to the size of the tumor only in the anterior group. The same applies to the bronchoscopic findings.
6 out of 9 cases showed difference of both lung function as seen in the bronchospirometry. One case, a small neurofibroma of the mediastinum originating from intercostal nerve showed distince difference between both lungs.

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Authors reported a thirty-nine years old man who had been suffering from the carcinoma of thyroid gland and pneumoconiosis and then who was dead after a long coma about 126 days due to dyspnea at bronchoscopy.
This coma might be proper to name “protracted unconciousness” and during this condition, he continued being decerebrated rigidity with his general voluntary muscles spasmodic. The result of pathological sections was that there was apparently proved the wide-spreaded softening in superficial brain cortex and in brain stem.

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