There has been increased attention on Carbon Recycling, which involving capture, storage and utilization of CO₂. For the purpose of commodity chemicals production from CO₂, Artificial Photo Synthetic Chemical Process （ARPChem） are proposed. According to this concept, the ten–year program has been in progress since 2012 under the support of NEDO. The project is composed of three scientific subjects（P hotocatalyst, Separation Membrane, and Synthetic Catalyst）. In addition to ARPChem technologies, Direct Air Capture （DAC） of CO₂ using ultra–thin membrane is also important for Carbon Recycling.

In order to prevent global warming and to contribute to the sustainable world, reduction of CO₂ from energy sector is our essential duty. However, there is no ultimate solution for reducing CO₂, and the situation of CO₂ emission differs by the users. Therefore, IHI is preparing multiple solutions to reduce CO₂ emission to provide the best solutions for our customers. In this paper, three major solutions are introduced：⑴ Ammonia utilization technology, ⑵ Carbon recycling technology and ⑶ Optimized utilization of renewables. Ammonia utilization technology is to use ammonia directly as a fuel in power plant （coal fired boiler, gas turbine and SOFC）. Carbon recycling technology is to capture CO₂ from the source, and to convert it to valuables like methane or lower olefins with the reaction with hydrogen. Optimized utilization of renewables is to use the electricity from PV not only as an electricity, but also convert to heat, fuel and feedstock in order to use all of the surplus energy in local grid. All of these technologies are under development, but the basis are already developed and could be commercialized in the near future.

In order to save energy by reducing purchased power, we introduced high–efficiency technology in conjunction with the renewal of turbine blades and steam nozzles.

years of operation. The high–efficiency technology was introduced into the No. 3 turbine, whose performance has declined after 30

The power generation performance improvement of 1,573 kW （about 6％ of the rated power generation） was obtained by recovering the performance deterioration due to aging wear and the introduction of the turbine blades by three–dimensional fluid design and Aft Loading Minimun Diffusion nozzles.

In Sobue mill, Oji Materia, there are three paper machines, #5, #6 and #7M/C. #5 and #6M/C produce white paperboard, and #7M/C produce liner board.

Although We have attempted energy saving in the papermaking process continuously, steam consumption of #5M/C dryer section was higher compared with one of #6M/C which produce white paperboard as well as #5M/C. Therefore improvement of it was our task.

The chemical company offered us that we could reduce steam consumption in #5M/C dryer section by adding chemical into dryer steam line. We had test to confirm it, and as a result we achieved 4.7％ reduction of steam consumption rate.

In this paper, we will explain our experience about reduction of steam consumption by chemical in dryer section.

Rain water taken into insulation results in a risk of “Energy Loss”. The thermal structure 「Over Wrapping Method」 by the aerogel insulation is effective against this problem. Here we introduce its system and effect through the verification experiment.

The utilization of wastepaper as papermaking materials is a recycling and a contribution to reducing waste products. On the other hands, the wastepaper lees, materials which is not used for papermaking, is removed from re-materializing process of wastepaper, and either disposed as an industrial waste or incinerated.

Even at Otake Plant of Nippon Paper Industries, all the wastepaper lees removed from re-materializing process of wastepaper operated by nine ⑼ cardboard-making machines have been disposed through industrial wastes disposal company.

In the meantime, biomass boilers are operated as energy plants using coal and RPF as main fuel sources. Wastepaper lees and RPF are both composed of plastics and fibers （paper and pulp）, and their ingredients are the same. Therefore, the solid fuel conversion of wastepaper lees for thermal recycling was attempted. However, the result was not as expected due to a lack of plastic ingredients and an excess percentage of moisture. The production of solid fuel from wastepaper lees was finally succeeded by the enhanced dehydration function and the adaption of molding machine suitable for the characteristic of materials.

During the consecutive operation of solid fuel conversion process using wastepaper lees, we have experienced several troubles, such as contamination of foreign substances like metal piece, drainpipe clogging by leaked materials, conveyer clogging by wastepaper lees etc. Introduction of sorting machine and modification of existing equipment etc. has eliminated such troubles and contributed to achieve the stable converting operation.

From April, 2019, Otake Plant has started the solid fuel conversion of plastic waste, which were collected from citizen, by mixing with wastepaper lees by the agreement with Otake City.

As a result of accepting civil plastic waste, production volume at solid fuel conversion process is drastically increased than original plan. And the thermal recycling with solid fuel as a substitution of coal, made from civil plastic waste and wastepaper lees, are achieved at the newly introduced energy boiler.

A new International Framework, Paris Agreement, came into effect in November 2016 as a global initiative on climate change causing serious problems such as global temperature increases, sea-level rises, and ocean acidification. Under the objective of “reducing greenhouse gas （GHG） emissions by 26％ by FY2030 compared to the FY2013 level”, the Japanese government strongly urges companies to make efforts to reduce GHG emissions.

It is mandatory for companies to address energy conservation activities because reducing the energy consumption intensity by more than 1％ per year is an objective in the Act on the Rational Use of Energy.

This paper introduces a case in which energy （waste heat） was effectively utilized and contributed to the reduction of the energy consumption intensity by selecting and installing auxiliary equipment which suits the energy consumption method of the plant when installing cogeneration.

The problem of plastic waste, which is being taken up every day, is causing global environmental pollution, and it cannot be avoided in developed countries as well as in developing countries.

In Japan, nearly 9 million tons of waste plastics are discharged every year, and plastic material recycling is only 2,060,000 tons（23％），indicating the difficulty of plastic recycling.

The first step is to reduce the amount used, but it is not possible to eliminate all the plastic products that are indispensable for our daily lives. In Europe, the United States, and China, bans on use and production are banned at a tremendous speed, but Japan is still at the level of self-regulation and lagging behind.

Among them, the ones that must be solved immediately are disposable food containers, such as trays, drink lids, and straws. Our company products MAPKA which is a molding material with a fine paper powder weight ratio of 51％or more, as a point of appeal that the amount of plastic used will be 50％ or less. Since it was put on the market and the seat grade was developed in 2017, it decided to enter the disposable food container market.

An unique hard board named PASCO has been manufactured by a wet forming method from plant fibers since 1971 in Nagaoka mill, Hokuetsu corporation. Raw materials of PASCO are fresh pulp, waste paper and recycled materials and interestingly adhesive binders are not used in the board. Therefore, PASCO is an eco–friendly product and has been applied for various fields for many years.

In this presentation, we compared PASCO with other hard boards and resin boards, measuring bending strength and Izod impact strength as mechanical properties.

When suitable raw materials were selected to PASCO production, it showed better mechanical properties compared to conventional tip boards or particle boards and had superior impact strength than those of resin boards, even though the board had no adhesive binders.

Considering the microplastic and plastic pollution in the world, we will promote to use paper–based products such as PASCO in order to reduce the environmental impact.

Nippon Paper is expanding the energy business with using our know–how of power generation at paper mills. Especially we are actively working on wood biomass energy with the aim of reducing greenhouse gases.

The Ishinomaki Hibarino power plant, which started operation in March 2018, adjacent to our Ishinomaki Paper Mill is a biomass co–firing power plant that uses wood biomass （pellets and chips） and coal as its main fuel, and its co–firing ratio boasts up to 30％，the highest in Japan for pulverized coal boiler types.

Biomass co–fired power generation contributes to the reduction of greenhouse gases compared to coal–only combustion, but it is necessary to consider combustion management in the boiler and transport/storage of fuel. Also it is required establishment of co–firing technology and improvement of co–firing ratio.

In this presentation, I will report the outline of Ishinomaki Hibarino power plant, the operation experience about biomass co–firing, and the efforts to improve the biomass co–firing ratio.

The industrialized society which stated from 1800 stagnated in scaling up equipment and plants and shifted itself to the information society in around 2000, in which the social paradigm was quite different from the former. Its future is understood in the context of optimism as well as pessimism.

Taking the annual growth rate of per capita GDP as a parameter, developed countries that are now in the information society are suffering from smaller growth rates of less than 1％, compared to that of 2–3％ while they were in the industrialized society. On the other hand, the amount of energy consumed to produce unit GDP is decreasing at the annual rate of a few percent every year. The information society may not increase GDP as in the industrialized society, but improve efficiency of energy consumption in society by using information technology.

The organization of the Japan Tappi has dual nature：i.e., industrial and academic. Therefore, the Japan Tappi has complicated hierarchy and power structure inside the organization. Also, the organization is under the influences of the state powers. The editing of JAPAN TAPPI JOURNAL is conducted within the constraints of its mother body, i.e., the Japan Tappi.

The third article of this series is intended to analyze the possibilities of innovation of the Journal using the modern organization theories in business administration in terms of “Organizational Dynamics and Power Structure”.

The overall contents are described as below.

1. Introduction

2. Organizations in business administration

3. Micro– & macro–organization theories and the modern organization theories

4. Max Weber’s views on the generation of power structure in organizations

5. Hierarchy, power, control and acceptance inside and outside organizations

6. Academic societies as organizations

7. Business interest associations as organizations

8. An case example of “Organizational Dynamics and Power structure” : The problem of camouflage of waste paper blending ratio in postcards occurred in 2008

9. Epilogue

DKS Co. Ltd. is a company over 100 years old which has gained a reputation as a top manufacturer of industrial chemicals. Aqueous dispersions of TEMPO–oxidized cellulose nanofibers （CNFs） have unique properties such as high viscosities at low consistencies, characteristic thixotropy behavior by shear forces, high emulsifying and suspending capability, increasing dispersibility of the hydrophobic fine particles etc. We have continued R&D of CNFs and accumulated numerous fundamental data for industrial applications of CNF/water dispersions. In 2013, we started manufacturing and selling CNF/water dispersions as a trade name of “RHEOCRYSTA”.

Cellulose nanofibers（CNF）are expected to be a valuable new material made by finely pulverizing wood pulp. In addition, various functional materials can be added to paper in order to enhance anti–counterfeiting technology. Among others, these functional materials include magnetic, fluorescent, and pressure–sensitive materials.

In order to develop new functional papers, CNF and functional materials were mixed and treated in a spray dryer. As a result, it was possible to produce cellulose composites into which functional materials and CNF had been integrated.

A water solution of the functional materials mixed with CNF was sprayed from a nozzle into a heated chamber of the spray dryer, which allowed the CNF composites to form. During the evaporation process in this chamber, the CNF composites were formed into spherical shapes by the surface tension of the water. Moreover, no binder for fixing between the CNF and functional materials was necessary due to the strong hydrogen bonds of CNF. In addition, the newly formed cellulose composites were completely resistant to dissolving back into the water.

CNF composites with functional materials could be observed with SEM（scanning electron microscope）and CLSM（confocal laser scanning microscope）. As a result, it was confirmed that the functional materials were introduced into the CNF’s.

The formed cellulose composites easily dispersed in water due to the hydroxyl groups of CNF. Using this special property, the water solution of CNF composites and functional materials was distributed onto a web of wet paper using a spray gun on the experiment paper machine. CNF composites with functional materials were fixed on paper with no binder agent. A friction test showed that the CNF composites would not separate from the paper.