Lignin prevents the decrease in capacity of storage batteries during the repeating charge-discharge process, but the reasonable interpretation has never been obtained yet on the reaction mechanism of lignin.
In the present paper, alkali lignin was added to the electrolytic solution of alkaline storage battery when its capacity was decreased with repeated charging-discharging by ca. 30% from the initial. Capacity was recovered quickly and lignin was decreased as shown in Fig. 1.
Two kinds of effect were suggested to interpret the result. The first one was a surface activity of lignin. During the discharging, lignin was absorbed onto cadmium hydroxide grain, active material of cathode, to make the crystall fine through its dispersing effect. Increased surface area of active material resulted in recovery of the battery capacity. The second was the effect of degraded products of lignin.
Lignin was degraded fairly quickly with electrolytic oxidation or reduction to small fragments, including oxidative cleavage of the benzene neuclei. Some of these fragments or intermediate products also recovered the capacity, though the effect was less than that of lignin itself. The latter effect seemed not to be a surface activity.

View full abstract

Concerning fluid flow in porous structure of uniand multi-ply paper, equations of liquid penetration, gas permeation, etc. were obtained, using Kozeny-Carman's equation, etc.
Main results, concerning flow to thickness direction, are as follows :
1. uni-ply
(1) liquid penetration
t=κ/2·η/σ cos θ·l²/m
where, t is penetration time of liquid (s), k is Kozeny-Carman's constant (dimensionless), η is viscosity of liquid (P), σ is surface tension of liquid (dyn/cm), θ is contact angle between pore wall of paper and liquid (rad), l is penetration distance of liquid (cm), m is hydraulic radius of pore of paper (cm).
t=κ/2·η/σ cos θ·v²/mε²
where, v is penetration volume of liquid per unit area (cm), ε is porosity of paper (dimensionless).
v/t=1/κ·ΔP/η·m²ε{1+Z(λ/m)}/L
(2) gas permeation where, v is permeation volume of gas per unit area (cm), t is permeation time of gas (s), ΔP is pressure difference (dyn/cm²), ηis viscosity of gas (P), Z is constant (dimensionless), λ is mean free path of gas molecules (cm), L is thickness of paper (cm).
2. multi-ply equations are obtained, from the following basic equation of liquid permeation.
v/t=ΔPκη/ⁿΣ_t=1(L_i/m_i²ε)
where, v is permeation volume of liquid per unit area (cm), t is permeation time of liquid (s).
Each suffix indicates number of ply.

View full abstract

The final results in all test were as follow; It has been found that intensity of color of the kraft pulp waste changes only with the variation of pH, and increases in alkali side but dicreases in acid side.
As the method of decolor treatment for kraft pulp waste, added coagulation reagent MIC (Al₂ (SO₄) ₃ E18H₂O+FeSO₄.7H₂O) 400 ppm to the waste, color 1, 200B B, and its floatation supernatant after coagulation reaction became color 95BB (92% removal), and COD removal of kraft pulp waste was 20-40 %. Running cost of this method was 2.22¢/waste·m³ (8 yen/waste·m³).

View full abstract