To compare the beating degree measured by various methods, and to investigate the changes of pulp properties caused by Lampen mill beating, softwood sulfite and kraft pulps and hardwood kraft pulp at various beating time were fractionated by Tappi Standard classifier. Each fraction was obtained on the wire of 12, 24, 40 and 80 meshes, and the effluent was collected on the 300 meshes wire to obtain the shortest fraction (Fr V). Canadian Standard freeness, water retention value and specific surface area by the permeability method of the fractionated pulp were measured at the various beating time.
In regard to the freeness values of unbeaten pulps, there is little difference among the fractions except Fr V. Though the beating decreases rapidly freeness of the whole pulp, the freeness of Fr IIV of the beaten pulp remained at nearly the same level as that of Fr IIV of unbeaten pulp. Only Fr V showed relatively large decrease in freeness after the beating. The results of the fractionation of beaten pulps revealed that the freeness of beaten pulp was mainly dependent on the amount and the freeness of Fr V.
The difference of pulp properties between the fractions of unbeaten and beaten pulps is clearly recognized by the measurement of the water retention value of pulps. As can bee seen from the linear correlation between specific surface area and freeness of various pulps, the results of both methods show the same tendency. Among these three methods, it could be said that the water retention value represents the relative difference of the pulp properties most characteristically.
Kraft pulp has a higher resistance to the cutting action by beating than sulfite pulp. So there happens a different fiber length distribution corresponding to based on the type of pulp and the beating time. Summarizing the results described above the following conclusion is drawn that for the accurate evaluation of the properties of the beaten pulp, it is necessary to measure the yield and the water retention value of each fraction.

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The functional group and the reaction mechanism of lignin as a battery additive were studied on a small alkaline storage battery specially prepared.
The capacity of battery increased with addition of catechol, guaiacol and many chelating agents such as EDTA, as well as with that of lignin. Demethylation of guaiacol in the electrolytic solution was observed and it was proved that the catechol residue reacts as a functional group of lignin in alkaline storage batteries, which is just the same as in the case of lead storage batteries. A significant increase in Cd⁺² ion in electrolytic solution was found with addition of lignin and chelating agents including catechol derivatives, which suggested that the increase in capacity should be connected with the chelating effect of the additives with heavy metalic ions of cathode. The Cd⁺² ion increased slightly during discharging process and decreased during charging, but the quantity of electricity transported with the Cd⁰-Cd⁺² transformation was too small to interpret the whole increase in capacity.
From the potential-time curves of charge-discharge cycle before and after addition of lignin and chelating agents, it is suggested that lignin makes the grain of cathode active material minute quickly during charging process, resulting in an increase in discharging capacity.
Attempt was made to probe the mechanism of capacity increase with lignin both from the chelating effect and adsorption of lignin : Dissolved Cd⁺²-lignin complex will make the grain of active material minute when it deposites on cathode and dissolution of Cd⁺² into electrolytic solution will also cause a minuteness of the grain. Violent adsorption of lignin or Cd⁺²-lignin complex is expected on the surface of cathode, for lignin has a chelating ability with active material. The transformation of Cd⁰ to Cd⁺² or of its reverse on the cathode surface will occur at the opening of the vigorously adsorbed lignin molecule, resulting in rugged surface of cathode. The increase in surface area caused by minimized active material grain will bring with it also discharging capacity increase.

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