農業気象

インゲンマメ下胚軸の発根に対するミスト処理の影響

田中丸重美, 木村和義

1991 年 46 巻 4 号 p. 191-195
発行日: 1991/03/10
公開日: 2010/02/25

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2480/agrmet.46.191

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1) インゲンマメ下胚軸さし穂にイオン交換水で連続的にミスト処理するとさし穂からの不定根の発根が著しく抑制されることから, 長期間の雨によって作物の発根が阻害され悪影響のあることが示唆された。
2) 連続ミスト処理による不定根発根の抑制は, 0, 2, 4, 6, 12日間とミスト処理期間が長くなるほど顕著である。
3) 連続ミスト処理による不定根発根の抑制効果は, さし穂のエージを5, 12, 19日苗と変えても, 明期の光強度を0, 3, 8klukと変えても同じように著しかった。
4) ミスト処理を実験期間の前半に行った区と後半に行った区との比較, および下胚軸での根原基の形成を切片を作成して観察した結果から, ミスト処理は根の原基の分化よりも根の伸長抑制に効果が大きいことが示唆された。

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ニホンナシの自発休眠覚醒期から開花期までの発育速度モデルについて

杉浦俊彦, 小野祐幸, 鴨田福也, 朝倉利員, 奥野隆, 浅野聖子

1991 年 46 巻 4 号 p. 197-203
発行日: 1991/03/10
公開日: 2010/02/25

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2480/agrmet.46.197

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In order to estimate flowering dates of fruit trees by the developmental rate (DVR) and the developmental index (DVI), the relations between the DVR and temperature were experimentally examined, and the DVR from rest break to flowering was modeled.
Cultivars of Japanese pear (Pyrus serotina Rehd.), ‘Housui’ and ‘Kousui’ planted on pots were exposed to eight constant temperatures (31°C, 26°C, 22°C, 18°C, 16°C, 13°C, 10°C and 6.8°C) from January 24, 1989. We assumed that DVI of the initiation of temperature treatment was 0 and of flowering 1.0. The measured DVR at each temperature can be calculated in the form of reciprocals of the number of days from the initiation of temperature treatment to the flowering. The relations between natural logarithms of the measured DVR and reciprocals of the absolute temperatures became linear, but the parameters in the model changed around 20°C (Fig. 1).
The models and their parameters obtained from the experiment was validated to the data observed in the open field. The difference between the observed and the estimated days to flowering was less than 3 days. The estimated time course of DVI was shown in Fig. 2.
To study the locational difference in the model parameters, the twigs of Japanese pear (‘Housui’ and ‘Kousui’) collected from 13 prefectures were exposed to several different constant temperatures. The DVR in this experiment was determined from the date of germination to the flowering date. The result did not show a clear difference of the model parameters (Fig. 4, Table 3).
In order to compare our model with the model of effective accumulated temperature, the latter was applied to measured DVR. MSR (mean square residual) of the former was less than of the latter.

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紫外線 (UV-B) がキュウリ, ハツカダイコンおよびインゲンマメの生長に及ぼす影響

野内勇

1991 年 46 巻 4 号 p. 205-214
発行日: 1991/03/10
公開日: 2010/02/25

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2480/agrmet.46.205

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Recently much concern has been raised about stratospheric ozone depletion and the possible impact of enhanced UV-B radiation on agriculture and terrestrial ecosystems. The present study was conducted to determine the relationship between growth of crop and UV-B radiation levels and to compare the sensitivity of some species to UV-B. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cvs. Suyo and Shimoshirazu-jibaikyuuri), radish (Raphanus sativus L. cv. Comet) and kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Gintebo) seedlings were grown for 2 to 4 weeks in naturally-lit, environmentally controlled glass chambers under UV-B (290-320nm) irradiation from six 20 W-fluorescent sunlamps using 0.10mm polyvinyl chloride sheeting and UV-B free control condition using 3mm acrylic plate. Plants were irradiated three levels (61, 91 and 153mWm^-2) of biologically effective ultraviolet-B (UV-B_BE) radiation using the generalized plant response action spectrum normalized at 300nm for 10h (0700 to 1700) daily. The levels of UV-B_BE employed in this study were similar to or less than that normally incident at Tsukuba (36°N latitude) during clear sky conditions in summer.
Visible foliar injury by UV-B irradiation occurred only in cucumber plants. The typical foliar symptoms were large yellow lesions to the leaf margin of the first, second and third true leaves. Irradiation of high level UV-B_BE 153mWm^-2 reduced significantly leaf area and dry weight of whole plant in cucumber (cv. Suyo) by 54 and 53% compared to that of the control plants at 2 weeks, respectively. Even irradiation of low level UV-B_BE 61mWm^-2 reduced significantly leaf area and dry weight of whole plant in Shimoshirazu-jibaikyuuri but these parameters were unaffected in Suyo. On the other hand, growth of radish grown under UV-B_BE 153mWm^-2 for 3 weeks and kidney bean grown under UV-B_BE 91mWm^-2 for 3 weeks were significantly unaffected except for radish at 3 weeks. These results suggest that UV-B irradiation at ambient level may inhibit growth in some UV-sensitive plants such as cucumber.

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粉じんによる気孔閉塞作用と葉温上昇作用が植物葉の光合成速度に与える影響

平野高司, 清田信, 相賀一郎

1991 年 46 巻 4 号 p. 215-222
発行日: 1991/03/10
公開日: 2010/02/25

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2480/agrmet.46.215

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The physical effects of dust on gaseous exchange through stomata were investigated by measuring stomatal conductance of dusted and clean leaves. The effects of dust by increasing leaf temperature on net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate were investigated.
Four classes of dust (JIS Z 8901: three classes of Kanto-loam powder and carbon-black), which were different in particle size and were chemically inert to plants, were made to adhere to upper surface of leaves of cucumber plants. In order to except the shading effect of dust, stomatal conductance, net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate were measured under the condition of fairly high light intensity.
The stomatal conductance of upper surface of dusted leaves whose stomata had been open in exposure of dust to leaves decreased in light peoriod and increased in dark peoriod. As particle size of dust became smaller, the changes of stomatal conductance increased both in light peoriod and dark peoriod. There was no change of stomatal conductance of leaves which had been exposed to dust when stomata had been closed. It seemed that dust caused these changes of stomatal conductance by covering and plugging stomata.
Temperature of leaves covered with carbon-black were higher than clean leaves by 1.7-3.7°C in 15-40°C of air temperature. The net photosynthetic rates of leaves which had been exposed to carbon-black when stomata had been closed were higher than the rates of clean leaves below 25°C of air temperature, and were lower above 30°C. The transpiration rates of the same dusted leaves were higher than the rates of clean leaves by 0.4-0.6g·dm^-2·hr^-1 in 15-40°C of air temperature.
The results suggest that dust affects net photosynthetic rate by covering and plugging stomata, and by increasing leaf temperature.

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分光反射特性による九州の表層土壌水分の推定

山本晴彦, 本條均, 脇山恭行

1991 年 46 巻 4 号 p. 223-227
発行日: 1991/03/10
公開日: 2010/02/25

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2480/agrmet.46.223

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Non-attach and non-destructive measuring method for estimating surface soil water content was applied to bare soil surface using spectro radiometer in the artificial climate room.
In this paper, we tried to find the most effective band and the experimental equations suitable for estimating surface soil water content for gray lowland soils, red and yellow soils, volcanic ash soils and brown forest soils in important soils of Kyushu district, Japan.
1) The most effective index of spectral reflectance for estimating the surface soil water content for the gray lowland soils is R_450nm. The regression equation is Water content (%)=86.84e^{-0.521X₍₄₅₀₎}(X₍₄₅₀₎: Reflectance at 450nm(%)). In This case, the determination coefficient is 0.956.
2) The one for the red and yellow soils is R_1050nm. The regression equation is Water content (%)=435.7e^{-0.128X₍₁₀₅₀₎} (X₍₁₀₅₀₎: Reflectance at 1050nm(%)). The determination coefficient is 0.984.
3) The one for the volcanic ash soils is R_1000nm. The regression equation is Water content (%)=147.3e^{-0.145X₍₁₀₀₀₎}(X₍₁₀₀₀₎: Reflectance at 1000nm(%)). The determination coefficient is 0.958.
4) The one for the brown forest soils is R_950nm. The regression equation is Water content (%)=315.5e^{-0.163X₍₉₅₀₎}(X₍₉₅₀₎: Reflectance at 950nm(%)). The determination coefficient is 0.978.

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数種のべたがけ下における夜間の葉温

浜本浩

1991 年 46 巻 4 号 p. 229-232
発行日: 1991/03/10
公開日: 2010/02/25

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2480/agrmet.46.229

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3種類の不織布とポリエチレンフィルムのべたがけ下における夜間の葉温の変化と結霜の状況を調査し, 次の結果を得た。
(1) 上向きの純放射量が小さいときは, 葉温に対する被覆の影響もおおむね小さかった。
(2) 上向き純放射量が大きく風速が小さいときは, 被覆は保温性を示した。ただし, 資材間差は小さかった。
(3) 上向き純放射量が大きく風速も大きいときは, 風が遮られるフィルム被覆下で葉温が低下した。他の試験区では大きな差はみられなかった。
(4) 降霜夜においても, 被覆下作物および地表面への結霜は, 間隙の大きな資材で部分的にみられたほかは確認されなかった。

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農業気象情報システムの現状

アンケート結果を中心にして

今久, 中山敬一, 松岡延浩

1991 年 46 巻 4 号 p. 233-238
発行日: 1991/03/10
公開日: 2010/02/25

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2480/agrmet.46.233

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農業気象研究を志す皆さんへ

研究を始めるにあたって役に立つ教科書・参考書の紹介

鳥谷均, 鈴木義則

1991 年 46 巻 4 号 p. 239-243
発行日: 1991/03/10
公開日: 2010/02/25

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2480/agrmet.46.239

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第2回国際防護林シンポジウムと第3回国際砂漠開発会議に出席して

真木太一

1991 年 46 巻 4 号 p. 245-249
発行日: 1991/03/10
公開日: 2010/02/25

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2480/agrmet.46.245

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気候変化とそれが農業に及ぼす影響

第2回世界気候会議報告

吉野正敏

1991 年 46 巻 4 号 p. 251-254
発行日: 1991/03/10
公開日: 2010/02/25

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2480/agrmet.46.251

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アメリカ農業工学会1990年国際夏期集会とウィスコンシン大学園芸学部の紹介

後藤英司, 荊木康臣, 蔵田憲次

1991 年 46 巻 4 号 p. 255-258
発行日: 1991/03/10
公開日: 2010/02/25

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2480/agrmet.46.255

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1990年合同大会シンポジウム「環境と生物情報の遠隔計測―現状と将来展望―」

1991 年 46 巻 4 号 p. 259-264
発行日: 1991/03/10
公開日: 2010/02/25

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2480/agrmet.46.259

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茎熱収支法に基づく蒸散流測定法に関する研究

桜谷哲夫

1991 年 46 巻 4 号 p. 265-268
発行日: 1991/03/10
公開日: 2010/02/25

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2480/agrmet.46.265

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温室暖房負荷の解析と軽減に関する研究

岡田益己

1991 年 46 巻 4 号 p. 269-272
発行日: 1991/03/10
公開日: 2010/02/25

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2480/agrmet.46.269

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