From records of 4, 931 cases of lung cancer during 1975-77, clinical statistical analysis according to histological type was performed. Epidermoid carcinoma accounted 46.6% of male cases and 18.8% of female cases, while adenocarcinoma was the histologic type in 61.2% of female cases and 30.3% of male cases. 5-year survival rates were 14.4%, 14.4%, 11.9%, 5.4%, 1.3% for epidermoid carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, large cell carcinoma, small cell carcinoma intermediate cell type and oat cell type, respectively cell carcinoma.
In adenocarcinoma 32.9% were in stage Ia, and showed 52.1% operability overall and 43.0% curative operability. In small cell carcinoma intermediate cell type and oat cell groups 75%, 79.8% of cases were in stage III+IV respectively. The operability of oat cell carcinoma was 15.2%, 72.2% underwent radiation and 84.8% underwent chemotherapy.

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Using in vitro cultures of mouse bone marrow cells, levels of colony stimulating factor (CSF) were assayed in both pleural fluid and urine of malignant tumor cases.
1) No significant difference in urine CSF levels was noted in cases of malignant and benign disease.However the levels of CSF in urine increased with the progression of the disease in lung cancer.
2) No correlation was found between urine CSF levels and white blood cell counts in peripheral blood in lung cancer cases.
3) No significant difference in the levels of CSF was noted in malignant and benign pleural effusion.

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Thirty eight autopsy cases showing carcinomatous lymphangiosis of the lung were examined macro-and microscopically to clarify the route of spread. Twenty cases were males and 13 were females, their ages ranged from 29 to 80 (57.6 in mean) years old.
Primary cancer was found in the lung in 23 cases, in the stomach in 10 cases and in other organs in 5 cases. Possible pathways of spread were classified into 5 types as shown in Fig. 2. The pathway in each case was determined when all necessary conditions werestatisfied.
Hematogenous spread preceeding the lymphangiosis was presumed to exist in 14 cases. Transbronchial wall spread was not suspected in any case. One case of transbronchial luminal route, and one case of retrograde lymphatic route and two cases of transdiaphragmatic routes were suspected, but not strongly.
Statistical analysis showed significant correlation between the degree of hemic metastatic foci of the lung and the degree of carcinomatous lymphangiosis around the bronchial wall, and several cases showed carcinomatous lymphangiosis without mediastinal lymphnode involvement. From these data spread was presumed have followed a hematogenous route in many cases.

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Chest X-ray findings of ten cases with pulmonary metastases presenting infiltrative shadows on chest X-ray film were studied by comparing them histopathologically. The chest X-ray findings showed two different patterns: one was pneumonia-like consolidation and the other was diffuse small nodules with ill-defined margins.
Histological findings of six cases showing inhomogeneous infiltration and bronchogenic spread were similar to the architecture of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma. On the other hand, four cases showed diffuse and simultaneous dissemination of small nodular lesions with an ill-defined margin on chest X-ray film. They appeared a infiltrative shadows because of fibrotic changes around the metastatic foci and desquamation of cancer cells into alveolar spaces.
The radiological and pathological findings in the ten cases with infiltrative metastases were extremely similar to those of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma which we already reported.

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We examined the clinical characteristics, the diagnostic process, histologic type, treatment and prognosis in 22 cases judged to be multiple primary lung cancers out of 1, 015 resected primary lung cancers. The incidence of multiple primary lung cancers was 2.2%. There were 20 synchronous cases, 2 metachronous cases and unilateraly 19, bilaterally 3 cases. In only 2 cases out of the 20 synchronous cases, was a definitive diagnosis of multiple primary lung cancer obtained preoperatively. In 6 synchronous cases multiple pulmonary lesions were pointed out, but were misdiagnosed preoperatively as pulmonary metastasis or pulmonary tuberculosis. In the 2 metachronous cases, a definitive diagnosis of multiple lung cancers was obtained preoperatively.
Histologically, squamous cell carcinoma was predominant (77%; 17 out of 22 cases) and adenocarcinoma was relatively rare (13.6%). The prognosis of 17 synchronous cases was good, and the 5 year survival rate was 37.5%. Therefore, we always consider synchronous or metachronous multiple pulmonary lesions as possible multiple lung cancers.

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Three new tissue culture cell lines designated as EBC-1, ABC-1 and SBC-1 have been established from explant cultures of human squamous cell, adeno-and small cell carcinoma of the lung. These cell lines were transplantable to immunosuppressed newborn hamsters and to nude mice.
The EBC-1 line was serially transplanted for 10 passages to immunosuppressed newborn hamsters. Metastases to lungs were characteristically observed in 28 of 36 EBC-1 host hamsters.

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Forty-eight cases of surgically resected benign tumors and tumor-like lesions of the lung were analysed and the following results were obtained. 1) Hamartoma and sclerosing hemangioma have well defined borders, compressing bronchi and blood vessels, and are loosely bound to the surrounding lung parenchyma. 2) Hamartomas, in 90% of cases, showed “nodularity” on film tomograms. Histologically nodularity at the edge was produced by lobules of cartilage. 3) Seventy-three per cent of the patients with sclerosing hemangioma were middle aged asymptomatic females. Only 2 patients complained of hemosputum. Routine roentgenogram showed round shadows with homogeneous density. Cut surfaces were solid with varying degrees of hemorrhage. 4) Roentgenogram of benign mesothelioma showed large tumors greater than 4 cm in diameter, in which extrapleural signs could be observed. 5) “Calcification” was seen on roentgenogram in 7 out of 27 hamartomas and 1 out of 15 sclerosing hemangiomas. Pleural retraction could not be seen in our series. Xerotomography was superior to film tomography in showing calcification. 6) One of the sclerosing hemangiomas was double, the other 47 benign tumors and tumor-like lesions were solitary, and 45 cases were peripheral, 3 were central in location. All of them were free of local recurrence and distant metastasis.

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Liposomes recently have been used as a carrier vehicle to enhance antitumor effect against several experimental malignant tumors. In this study, daunorubicin (DNR) was entrapped within positively charged liposomes which were prepared with lecithinstearylamincholesterol at a molar ratio of 7: 2: 1 and the effect of both compounds in free solution and entrapped within liposomes were compared against Lewis lung carcinoma in C57BL/6N mice. Total doses of 12 mg/kg (4 times injections of 3 mg/kg per 2 weeks designated 3 mg/kg x 4/2w, 6 mg/kg x 2/2w, 12 mg/kg x 1 /2w) of free DNR and liposome-entrapped DNR were administered intravenously to mice the 7th day after inoculation with the tumor cells.
The following results were obtained 1) Liposome-entrapped DNR (6 mg/kg x 2/2w, 12 mg/kg x 1 /2w) was more effective than free DNR (6mg/kg x 2/2w, 12 mg/kg x 1 /2w) in inhibiting the tumor growth (p<0.01). 2) Although 6 mg/kg x 2/2w and 12 mg/kg x 1 /2w of free DNR did not prolong the survival time of the mice that of each group (3 mg/kg x 4/2w, 6 mg/kg x 2/2w, 12 mg/kg x 1 /2w) receving liposome-entrapped DNR was prolonged. 3) The effect of saline-liposome itself on the inhibition of the tumor growth and tumor metastases and longevity of the mice was not observed.
Additionally, comparing effects of the liposome-entrapped DNR with free DNR on delayed hypersensitivity examined by footpad reaction of mice, inhibition of delayed type hypersensitivity by free DNR was reduced, when DNR was entrapped within liposomes. However, the inhibition of liposome-entrapped DNR as seen in the delayed type hypersensitivity on humoral antibody production was not observed.

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The prognosis of 18 cases of inoperable lung cancer with distant metastases and 2 cases with brain metastasis were observed. Most of the eleven cases which were dead within 1year after resection of the lung tumor were advanced cancer (T3, N2). In three cases the tumor and regional thoracic wall were resected. The types of recurrence of them were analyzed.
The main sites in which distant metastases occured in 18 inoperable cases were the liver, brain, supraclavicular lymph nodes, lung (ipsilateral and/or contralateral), bone, and adrenal. The survival time in cases with hematogenous metastases was shorter than those with lymphatic metastases.
One case of lung cancer with brain metastasis underwent resection of both the primary lesion and the brain metastatic lesion, and the other case underwent resection of the metastatic brain lesion only. The survival time in the former was 4 months and 5 months in the latter.
In the 11 cases which succumbed within 1year after resection of the lung tumor, the frequency of hematogenous metastases and local recurrence was almost equal. The survival time in the cases with hematogenous metastases was slightly longer than that of cases of local recurrence.

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