Restoration of rivers and floodplains needs to be carried out based on the best scientific knowledge available. At the same time, restoration projects provide the great opportunity to link basic research with application for the benefit of both. In this short essay, I discuss four selected aspects that are scientifically challenging and highly relevant for restoration: (i) setting restoration priorities and need of reference systems, (ii) understanding the link between environmental heterogeneity, biodiversity, and ecosystem processes, (iii) focus on refugia for maintaining ecosystem resilience, and (iv) the potential role of ecosystem services in guiding restoration projects.

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More than ten years’ experience of interdisciplinary cooperation between ecology and civil engineering has constructed a new world of science, which has worked well to contribute new challenge for the sustainability with scientific background. However, it has provided a kind of “melting pot” of different sciences. Inside the new society, peoples with different disciplines can talk to each other with the same language, and enjoy the new findings. However, we have lost something, a “salad bowl” with heterogeneity.

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Several topics on commonality and dissimilarity between ecology and civil engineering in rivers and streams of Japan were provided. Both contain the fields of spatial sciences. Thus, habitat becomes a principle importance for both sciences. In river and stream ecosystems, habitat produces species richness, which enhances the biodiversity within river ecosystem. I also revised a check-sheet of microhabitats which is conformed by three spatial layers: channel center and margin, riffle-pool sequences, and habitat elements.

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In order to show inclinations of ecology and civil engineering researches in these ten years, a total of 145 papers printed in 16 books of 9 volumes of Ecology Civil Engineering (from 1^st to 9^th Volume) have been overviewed and classified from aspects of study methods, objectives, target ecosystems, ecological subjects focussed on, physico-chemical factors dealt in the paper, and spatial scales for the study. Recent increase in the number of original papers and case study papers shows a sound condition of the society at present. The papers are characterized by prevailing number of topics on river and estuary, aspects of habitat structure for biological populations and communities, descriptive works on human impacts on ecosystems, field work-approaches for research, and flow regimes, inundations, sediment dynamism and longitudinal connectivity as physico-chemical factors for habitat traits. In order to integrate ecology and civil engineering into an original field of science, more works aiming at prediction of ecological phenomena using engineering methods are required as well as those for finding out physical mechanisms of habitat structure based on ecological methods. One of our goals may be to establish “Habitatology” defined by “science for structure, function and maintenance mechanisms of habitat”.

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応用生態工学が担ってきた領域を対象生物で区分すると，河川環境や魚類，水生動物に関する論文が大半を占めている．投稿者は，大学·研究機関が全体の75％を占め，コンサルタントや行政からの投稿数はきわめて少ない．前者については，合同英文誌の発刊により他学会との連携が進みつつある．また後者については，論文執筆のための講習会を実施した．創刊号から理念·目標に関する意見を読むと，(1)生態学と工学の相互浸透性，(2)風景画(部分と全体)，(3)環境目標，復元目標とは何か，(4)健全性とは何か，などのキーワードが浮かびあがる．残念ながら達成できている項目は少ない．調査·計画段階に関する論文は多く，テーマとして，(1)生活史，(2)生息場環境，(3)撹乱，(4)物質循環，(5)生物間相互作用があげられる．生活史全体を網羅して生息場環境との関連を議論することは重要であるが，労力的にも限界がある．そのため，生活史のなかでも鍵となる繁殖ステージの環境に関する調査研究の推進が必要である．さらに撹乱と物質移動にともなう生息場環境の変化も重要なテーマであろう．解析手法としては，広域的解析や健全性指標として，IBI，RHS，GISを使った回帰モデルなどが発表されてきた．また，新たな解析手法として，植物の生長モデル，階層的な生息環境パラメターによる解析，安定同位体解析，分類樹木やCCA，NMSを使った多変量解析などが注目される．実施·施工段階は最も重要な段階である．これについても，詳細な設計図が必要か，魚道の問題点は解決されたか，という疑問が残る．流量変動や流砂の連続性維持など，流域レベルでの技術も含めながら今後の発展に期待したい．施工後のモニタリング調査も順応的管理を支える重要な段階である．事前事後，実施区·対照区といったフレームで調査すべきことが提言された．今後は，成否ラインの事前提示と事後調査によるチェックが必要である．

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Although development of national land was started from introduction of rice cropping, over 2000 years ago, in Japan, biodiversity had not been threatened by human impacts until Edo period. But modern science and technology, modern water management and quick economic growth have been depriving biodiversity. Ecology and civil engineering society was born as applied science aimed at changing national land from development type into natural symbiosis type 10 years ago. Four next viewpoints are important for future development of the society.
1. how incorporate human impacts in natural structure and ecosystem modeling.
2. how handle scientific universality and environmental severalty as study.
3. how deal with a social problem in this society.
4. how deal with global environment problem in this society.

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