[in Japanese]

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1. Nitrogen distribution in Japanese mother's milk was determined. The concentrations of crude protein (N×6.38) varied similar to previous data with the progress of days after parturition.
2. The proportion of casein nitrogen against total nitrogen is as follows: human milk I (1-10days after parturition) 8.9%; human milk II (10-115 days after parturition) 37.0%; bovine milk 78.0%.
3. The proportion of milk serum protein nitrogen against total nitrogen is as follows: human milk I 60.5%; human milk II 39.3%; bovine milk 16.9%.
4. The proportion of non-protein nitrogen against total nitrogen is as follows: human milk I 30.6%; human milk II 23.7%; bovine milk 5.1%.
5. In both human and bovine milk, the concentrations of urea, creatine, amino sugar and free amino acid as a major non-protein nitrogenous compounds were determined and the proportion of their nitrogen against total nitrogen or non-protein nitrogen was estimated. Human milk contained more amino sugar and free amino acid compared with bovine milk.
6. True protein levels or accurate nitrogen-to protein factors should be used for accurate estimates of nutritive value of foods like human milk containing much non-nitrogenous compounds.

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In order to clarify the mechanism of acute toxicity of autoxidized oils, histopathological studies were carried out. 50% and 100% lethal dosages of methyl linoleate hydroperoxides (LMHPOs) and autoxidized methyl linoleate contained secondary oxidation products were administered orally to mouse. The mice were inspected continuously for 48 hours, the died and survived mice were anatomized. Specimens of small intestine, liver, lung, kidney and other tissues were separated immediately from body.
Gross symptoms were observed in small intestine, liver, lung and kidney by histopathological examination. Marked effect of these compounds was necrosis, fatty degeneration and congestion in tissues. The degree of impairments in each tissue was correlated to the toxicity of samples. From a consideration of histopathological observation, it was recognized that similar symptoms were induced by LMHPOs and secondary oxidation products. However, severe injury was observed on the tissues fed secondary oxidation products.
The toxic effect of secondary oxidation products appears to come from their smaller molecular weight than LMHPOs and the presence of their functional groups such as carbonyl compounds. From the results obtained, the authors conclude that one of the reasons for the toxic effect of secondary oxidation products than hydroperoxides is attributable to the facility of absorption of secondary oxidation products.

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It is known that Eritadenine in Shii-ta-ke mushroom markedly reduces plasma cholesterol level in rats. In this paper, ¹⁴C-Eritadenine was synthesized and the incorporation of this substance into rats was investigated. The results obtained were as follows:
(1) After oral administration of ¹⁴C-Eritadenine, it was found that the most of Eritadenine were excreted into feces, however, a part was absorbed and found mainly in liver.
(2) Liver was fractionated by ultracentrifugation and it was observed that a rapid incorporation of Eritadenine into supernatant and followed by microsomes and mitochondria in the order.
(3) Amounts of incorporated cholesterol into intestinal wall after oral administration of ¹⁴C-cholesterol were same among Shii-ta-ke and control groups.
(4) Plasma cholesterol reducing effect of Eritadenine by intraperitoneal injection was also observed.
The results with previous paper¹⁾ indicate that one of the hypocholesterolemic activity of Eritadenine would be due to the inhibition of lipoprotein formation in liver.

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It is wellknown that glucose tolerance is improved, when diabetics were suitably treated by diet regulation. However, the mechanism of a improvement in diabetic metabolism by diet regulation is not clarified as yet. Therefore, 22 cases of hospitalized maturity-onset mild diabetics were selected for study, who were divided into non-obese group (18 cases were 20% under of ideal body weight) and obese group (9 cases were 21% over of ideal body weight). In these patients, glucose tolerance, serum insulin response to oral glucose load (50g) and body weight were compared before and after 2 to 4 weeks diet regulation.
After the diet therapy in both groups, glucose tolerance was significantly improved, while serum insulin response to oral glucose load was not changed. However, insulin response in 4 patients of obese group, markedly weight reduced ones, was significantly decreased at fasting and 30 minutes after oral glucose load in spite of marked improvement of glucose tolerance.
From the above results, it was suggested that there was no relationship between the improvement of glucose tolerance and insulin response after diet therapy and the effect of diet regulation would be ascribed to the increased insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissue by appropriate weight reduction.

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The rate of intestinal absorption of fatty acids given as a sole lipid source in diets is lower (especially in saturated fatty acids) than that of triglyceride. And also in the efficiency as a calorie source fatty acid is inferior to triglyceride. Therefore in this study, the nutritive efficiency of fatty acid fed with monoglyceride was investigated. The diets contained high level (20%) of lipids, constituted of oleic acid and glycerol, were given to young male rats for three months. The following results were obtained.
1) The rate of apparent intestinal absorption of lipids was improved in rats fed by fatty acid with monoglyceride or triglyceride.
2) In the efficiency of lipids after intestinal absorption, fatty acid was inferior to triglyceride and monoglyceride, but when fatty acid was fed with monoglyceride or triglyceride the efficiency was equivalent to triglyceride. However the efficiency of diet containing fatty acid with monoglyceride reduced after feeding for a long time.
3) The adverse effects, such as increasing of rat liver weight and the abnormalities in the pathological examination, were observed in the rats fed a large amount of fatty acid for a long time. This effects were not disappeared by feeding fatty acid and monoglyceride simultaneously.

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In this study the nutritive efficiency of fatty acid fed with monoglyceride and effects exercised by them upon the living body were investigated in rats. The diets containing ordinary content (6%) of experimental lipid, prepared from cotton seed oil, were given to young male rats for a fairly long time (six months). The following results were obtained.
1) The intestinal absorption of lipids and the food efficiency of the diet containing fatty acid with monoglyceride were equal to the diet containing triglyceride.
2) The weight gains of rats fed by fatty acid with monoglyceride were also equal to the rats fed by triglyceride throughout the experimental period. And the reduction of the growth rats which had seen in the previous experiment was not observed.
3) The increase of liver weight of rats and the abnormalities in pathological examination were hardly observed. On the other hand, the effects on the rats fed by pentadecanoic acid (C₁₅FA) as a part of fatty acid were investigated. The results were as follows. The growth rate of the rats fed by pentadecanoic acid was good, and food efficiency of the diet containing pentadecanoic acid was equivalent to the control rats (fed by myristic acid). However, abnormalities in pathological examination were slightly observed on the rats fed by pentadecanoic acid.

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The browning was observed in a section of immature fruit of satsuma mandarin and this is considered to be presumably related to the action of polyphenoloxidase (EC 1. 10. 3. 1). Occurrence of the enzyme in the immature fruit was then investigated. Polyphenoloxidase obtained from the fruit actively oxidized triphenols such as phloroglucinol, pyrogallol and gallic acid, although it was very weak on o-diphenols such as DL-dopa and catechol among the phenolic compounds tested. Remarkable browning was found in the reaction mixture of the enzyme with pyrogallol or gallic acid. As the results, it is likely that the browning of section of the immature fruit is caused by the enzymatic reaction by polyphenoloxidase.

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Extracts of polished rice (Oryza sativa var. japonica), pressed barley (Hordeum vulgare L. emend LAM) and wheat flour (Triticum aestivum L.) were prepared by three procedures using distilled water and 50mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 8.0): (A) the first extraction by gentle stirring, (B) the second extraction by homogenizing the residual material of the (A), and (C) the extraction from the homogenate of boiled material. Great differences in the disc electrophoretic patterns of soluble protein fractions of (A), (B) and (C) were observed between the employed solvents.
Even when the same solvent is used, the first and the second extract of each material gave somewhat different patterns. High concentrations of soluble proteins were found to be present in the extracts from boiled materials. Each sample showed a pattern peculiar to the species.

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