Nitrogen and carbon dioxide gases were used for the storage of Citrus Sudachi Hort. ex Shirai by packing into polyethylene bags at room (27-32°C) or low (4-6°C) temperature. They were nitrogenair (98%, 2%) and nitrogen-carbon dioxide-air (90%, 5%, 5%). The color of peel, the taste, and pH of fruit juice were observed, and ascorbic acid, alcohol insoluble substances, soluble sugars, and organic acids in fruit juice were analyzed weekly or monthly intervals.
Concerning the weight of fruit, ascorbic acid, soluble sugars, and organic acids, the changes during storage were not so different between the atmospheric gases and between the two storage temperatures. The peel color remained green at the lower temperature for a long period, but it becam yellowat the room temperature. However, there was no color change during a short period at the room temperature under nitrogen gas. The taste of juice was not changed at the two gas systems at the low temperature for a long period, but under the other conditions it became bitter or astringent after 14-28 days.
In a short storage period (about 1 month), the application of low temperature was enough even in the ordinary atmospheric package. Nitrogen gas was more effective than carbon dioxide in the storage at the room temperature. At a longer storage period (about 3 months), carbon dioxide or nitrogen gas package was more effective than low temperature storage.

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In order to investigate the metabolic changes in rats fed sucrose diets containing 8% of fat, fourty male Wistar rats (initially weighing 75-85g) were distributed in four groups and fed dietscontaining 0% (control), 10%, 20% and 50% of calories from sucrose for 3 and 6 weeks.
Feeding of a 50% sucrose diet for 3 weeks and 10%, 20% and 50% sucrose diets for 6 weekscaused a significant increase in serum total lipid. Increases in serum triglyceride and free cholesterol levels observed in sucrose-fed rats were significant in a 50% sucrose diet for 6 weeks. On feeding sucrose for 6 weeks, however, there was no change in serum esterified cholesterol level. Therefore, a tendency to decrease in the ratio of esterified cholesterol to total cholesterol was observed. Serum phospholipid levels were significantly increased in rats fed a 50% sucrose diet for 3 weeks and 20% and 50% sucrose diets for 6 weeks. There was no significant change of NEFA level in serum of sucrose-fed rats.
On the other hand, 10% sucrose diet resulted in accumulation of triglyceride and 10% and 20% sucrose diets resulted in accumulations of total cholesterol in the livers of rats fed for 3 weeks. However, the liver lipid contents of rats fed sucrose diets for 6 weeks tended to be lower than that of the control group. Thus, it seemed reasonable to assume that the accumulation of the liver lipid of rats observed when sucrose diet was fed for 3 weeks might be temporary. There were nosignificant changes of liver phospholipid levels both in rats fed sucrose diet for 3 and 6 weeks.
Total protein content in serum was slightly increased in sucrose diets, whereas liver protein content of rats fed sucrose diets for 6 weeks was lower than rats fed control diet.
Increase in α₁-globulin fraction was observed in rats fed a 50% sucrose diet for 6 weeks.

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Nitrogen balance (NB, g/kg/day) and nitrogen utilization rate (NUR, %) were studied during total parenteral nutrition on dogs at various levels of amino-nitrogen intake (N, from 0 to 1.0g/kg/ day) and non-protein calorie intake (Cal, from 0 to 120kcal/kg/day). Nitrogen source is a synthetic amino-acids mixture refering to WHO/FAO reference pattern.
A) NB showed a close corelation with N, but not with Cal under various N. A close corelation was observed between NB and Cal, when N was fixed.
B) A formula for the relation of Cal, N and NB is caluculated as:
NB=0.496N+0.003NCal+0.001Cal-0.243
C) Protein-sparing effect of glucose was maximum at 34kcal/kg/day of glucose intake without amino-nitrogen intake.
D) Nitogen utilization rate (NUR) is defined as:
NUR=N- (urinary nitrogen output-basal urinary nitrogen output) /N×100 and this can be converted as:
ifCal<34 kcal/kg/dayNUR= (0.496+0.003Cal) ×100 (%)
if Cal≥34 kcal/kg/dayNUR=0.496N-0.003N·Cal+0.001Cal-0.034/N×100
(NUR≤100%)
E) NUR is based on protein-energy interactions, and it is useful for clinical nutrition, especially for the purpose of parenteral nutrition.

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It has been stated that in the malnutrition state, the immunological competencies such as tuberclin reactivity, lymphoblastformation or antibody production are impaired. This incompetency has been considered closely related to the lowered resistance against a variety of infections in malnutrition state. On the other hand, malnutrition is sometimes considered to suppress the infection despite of the lowered state of the immunological markers such as cell mediated immunity or antibody production. The analysis of lowered immunological surveillance system has not been well analysed systematically.
We consider that it is urgent to analyse the change of various immunological systems in malnutrition state in order to control the lowered resistance against infection in malnutrition.
It is considered that, the immunological surveillance is composed of the complement system, the cell mediated system and immunoglobulin system in mammalia.
Search for the relation of the cellular immunity system and the complement system has been done employing well nourished and protein depleted rats. First, it was found that the cell mediated system measured by tuberclin reactivity of rats sensitized with heat killed tubercle bacilli was depressed by feeding with 0.5% protein diet for 8 weeks, while, the complement level was maintained. When these two groups of rats were infected with Staphylococcus aureus, both groups of rats showed elevation of complement level after Stapylococcus aureus infection, while in malnutrition rats, the tuberclin reaction remained negative but well nourished rats, tuberclin reaction positive in the reactivity.
It is possible to explain that the complement system is elevated to compensate the depressed cell-mediated system to keep the immunological surveillance system against the invading agents in protein depleted hosts as well as in aged or tumor bearing hosts.

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Blood volume, F-cells value and blood cell pools in liver and spleen were measured in splenectomized and splenomegaly rats. Splenomegaly of the rats was induced by injecting methyl cellulose and the weight of the spleen increased by 5 folds of the normal rat. The splenic pool of blood cells measured by a tracer method revealed 1.1% of the total red cell volume in normal rats, whereas that of splenomegaly rats was increased to 13.3% of the total red cell volume.
In the rats with the enlarged spleen, the concentration of circulating hemoglobin and the hematocrit value were significantly reduced, but the total volume of red cell mass was not reduced in comparison with normal control rats, because the expanded splenic pool of red cells was accounted for the total red cell volume. An expansion of the plasma volume was observed in the rats with the enlarged spleen, and the expansion of the plasma volume resulted in an increase in blood volume and a lowering of the concentration of hemoglobin and the hematocrit value of circulating blood (hemodilution).
A concomitant decrease in the body hematocrit and cardiac hematocrit was observed in thesplenomegaly rats, therefore the ratio of body hematocrit to cardiac hematocrit was identical to thatof normal and splenectomized rats.
Red cell volume was reduced significantly when an enlarged spleen of the rat was removed just prior to the measurement, and decreased volume was matched to the red cell pool in the enlarged spleen. Accordingly, the ratio of body hematocrit to the cardiac hematocrit was decreased significantly, mainly due to the decreased body hematocrit or decreased red cell mass.

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Effect of lysine or lysine plus threonine supplement to the rice diet (protein level of 6%) for weanling and also adult rats was investigated. The rice diet I was consisting of 88.9% rice, 5% corn oil, 4% salt mixture, 2% vitamin mixture and 0.1% choline solution. Diet II was composed of the diet I plus 0.24% L-lysine-HCl. Diet III was composed of the diet II plus 0.12% L-threonine. Glutamic acid was added to the diet I and II to make isonitrogeneous with the diet III.
For the long term feeding test, initial body weight averaged 67g of male rats, Donryu strain, were fed ad libitum with the diet I, II and III for 32 weeks. PER was calculated individually from the body weight gain and the food intake for each period of [I] (1st-21st day), [II] (21st-42nd day), [III] (42nd-63rd day), [IV] (63rd-87th day), [V] (87th-105th day), [VI] (105th-126th day), and [VII] (126th-224th day).
The supplemental effect of lysine and lysine plus threonine was significantly observed by the period of II, at the age of the 9th week. The effect of only lysine to the rice diet was significantly observed after the age of the 9th week to the 15th week, but no further improvement of the body weight gain and PER in the group fed the diet III was observed. The plasma free valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine and tyrosine were highest in the group III, following those in the group II, which were also higher than those in the rice group I, at the age of the 15th week (half the rats were killed and the rest of them was continualusly fed). On the contrary the plasma taurine value was highest in the rice group among the three groups. The taurine value in the rice plus lysine group was also significantly higher than that in the rice plus lysine and threonine group. It seems possible from the difference of the plasma amino acid values that there are still some reflection of improvement in the amino acids supplementation to the rice diet fed by the age of the 15th week.
In the short term experiment of the feeding test with adult rats, initial body weight of 198g for 25 days, the body weight gain and PER in the group II and III were almost the same and improved significantly from those of the rice group I.

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Effects of hydrocortisone on the formation of sucrase-isomaltase complex during development were investigated in rat intestinal mucosa using Sephadex G-200 column chromatography. On 11th, 12th and 13th days after birth, suckling rats were injected with hydrocortisone intraperitoneally. Disaccharidases activities of rat intestinal mucosal homogenates from 15-day old rats were significantly increased in 15-day old rats treated with hydrocortisone. Profiles of Sephadex G-200 column chromatography of papain solubilized intestinal disaccharidases from 15-day old rats, 15-day old rats injected with hydrocortisone and adult rats revealed that hydrocortisone stimulated the formation and modification of sucrase-isomaltase complex.

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The relationship between blood pressure and sodium intake by hypertensive obese individuals was examined on 18 subjects with the diet of “Four Food Group Diet” (energy 960-1200 Cal, protein 64.0g) for 12 weeks.
The adherence to the diet what checked by personal everyday food record. Blood pressure, body weight and urinary sodinm excretion were determined. The blood pressure was lowered from 158±11mmHg to 128±15mmHg (systolic) and from 100±10mmHg to 80±12mmHg (diastolic). The sodium excretion was decreased from 14.4±5.1g to 6.8±2.7g.
The body weight was dropped from 70.0±12.0kg to 62.2±9.1kg. No correlation was observed between the change of blood pressure and that of body weight or temperature, except change of urinary sodium excretion.
It was concluded that reduction of blood pressure depends on the extent of reduced sodium intake on this diet. Calculated salt intake was compared with sodium excretion, and at the beginning of the experiment the former was higher than the latter, but after therapy the ratio of both value became 0.95. “Four Food Group Diet” management is the useful for the longterm control of the hypertensive obese patients.

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Whey cheese is produced from cheese whey, a by-product of cheese manufacture. It is classified into two groups, one is produced through concentration of whole whey being called “Mysost” while the other is produced by use of whey proteins (albumin cheese). Almost all of whey cheese imported to Japan belongs to the former.
Determination of total solids, fat and chlorides of whey cheese was carried out in this report. It is prescribed in the international standard that the total solids content of whey cheese should be determined by the drying process at 88±2°C, using aluminum dishes containing sea sand. From our experiment it became clear that it was impossible to obtain constant weight by this procedure. It was not adequate to apply the standard method for the determination of dry matter in cheese and processed cheese on whey cheese since the content was charred at the temperature of 105°C. Finally, the drying temperature was settled to 102°C. Three lots of whey cheese imported in the fiscal year 1975 were found to contain 74-77% of total solids when determined by this procedure.
So far as the determination of fat was concerned, Schmid-Bondzynski-Ratzlaff methad was proved to be inadequate for the analysis of fat in whey cheese because the content was charred during digestion with hydrochloric acid, the charred product being extracted with ether and light petroleum. Contrary to this, satisfactory results were obtained by the adoption of the Roese-Gottlieb method usually applied for the determination of fat in liquid milk. The fat contents of imported whey cheeses, measured by the above-mentioned procedure, were found to be within the range of 2.8-4.1% of the total solids, being classified as “skimmed whey cheese”.
Chloride content, estimated by the modified Vothard's method (with filtration), was found to be 0.6-0.7% expressed as chlorine on whole basis (0.9-1.2% as NaCl), giving appropriate saltiness on the product.

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By cut of edible parts of vegetables, lignin is known to be synthesized de novo in their tissues. To estimate the lignin content produced by the injury is useful to perform food processing and to assume digestibility of vegetables.
Method of quantitative estimation of lignin was investigated. Crude cell wall fraction was prepared by immersing the tissue homogenate in hot water, followed by treating with organic solvents to remove contaminated phenolic substances. Lignin remained in crude cell wall fraction was acetylated by acetyl bromide, then solubilized in glacial acetic acid. Absorption at 280nm of the soluble fraction was measured. Introducing extinction (A) of 0.1% solution to the equation, W=αA, lignin content (W%) in crude cell wall fraction was calculated. Coefficient α of each acetylated vegetable lignin was listed in Table 1. Lignin contents in dry vegetables were also calculated.
According to the results, lignin content in cut vegetable except burdock augmented by letting the tissue alone. Lignin was so most remarkably produced in carrot that lignin content in the dry matter reached 2.26% after 3 days. In sweet potato, the velocity of lignin synthesis was almost as same as in Japanese radish, but the content in the former was less than in the latter. The rate of lignin accumulation in cut cucumber tissue was smaller than that of carrot, Japanese radish or sweet potato. Burdock had fairly amount of lignin without cut injury.

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Polyphenoloxidase (EC 1. 10. 3. 1) activity and the content of total phenol were measured during development of satsuma mandarin (Miho Wase) fruit. The content of L-ascorbic acid which inhibited polyphenoloxidase activity was also determined.
Developing fruits possessed considerably high activity on trihydroxybenzenes such as phloroglucinol and pyrogallol. The trihydroxybenzene oxidase activity showed two peaks, in the earlier and the later stages, during fruit development. The level of total phenol in the peel was high in the earlier stage and sharply droped as the fruit was developed. L-ascorbic acid content was very low in the earlier stage, but remarkably increased in the later stage.
Trihydroxybenzene oxidase activities were found in both the peel (flavedo and albedo) and the pulp of fruits (Miho Wase and Amanatsu). The enzyme activity was stronger in the peel than in the pulp of the fruit. All the enzymes obtained from the peels of various citrus fruits rapidly oxidized trihydroxybenzenes but slowly o-diphenols.

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This study was undertaken to evaluate the feasibility of producing the protein concentrate for human food from water hyacinth.
As the result of extracting the protein from fresh whole plants by using various extractants, it was shown that the ethanol soaking followed by the 0.05M alkali extraction was most effective. The protein concentrate was prepared by isoionic precipitation at pH 3.7 and heating at 70°C from extracts, and by lyophilization.
The relatively high lysine content of the protein concentrate could be ranked above among the vegetable proteins. In comparison with the provisional amino acid pattern reported by FAO/WHO in 1973, the protein concentrate was found to have no limiting amino acid.

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Qur previous work has demonstrated that red muscle with relatively high levels of myoglobin and phospholipids tended to contain a higher amount of α-tocopherol than white one with relatively low levels of those, but a cause for this difference in α-tocopherol content remains to be elucidated. On the other hand, it has been considered that α-tocopherol in tissues is located in the membranous structure of the cell and subcellular particles, especially concentrated in the mitochondria and microsomes. Therefore, in order to find out one of the reasons for the difference in α-tocopherol content between the white and red muscles, the respective concentrations of α-tocopherol in mitochondrial fraction from the white and red muscles of fowl and swine were determined. The white and red muscles used were M. pectoralie profundus and thigh muscle for fowl, and M. longissimus dorsi and M. biceps femoris for swine, respectively.
The respective concentrations of α-tocopherol in mitochondrial fraction from the fowl white and red muscles gave 0.113μmole and 0.175μmole per gram of protein. Corresponding figures for the swine muscles were 0.080μmole and 0.148μmole. These findings indicated that in both fowl and swine the concentration of α-tocopherol in mitochondrial fraction was significantly higher in the red muscle than in the white one. The swine red muscle also contained a significantly higher amount of mitochondria than the white one. Judging from the above results, the existence of numerous subcellular particles such as mitochondria and the significantly high level of α-tocopherol of the subcellular particles in the red muscle as compared with the white one seemed to be a reason for the difference in α-tocopherol content between the white and red muscles.

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