In the previous paper the authors have reported on the nutritional values for rats, amino acid composition and artificial digestibility of extracted Euphausia superba (E. superba) protein concentrate compared with whole egg protein.
In this experiments the authors have investigated with reference to the protease and tyrosinase activity that is presumed to be closely related to autolysis and discoloration of E. superba. Furthermore, myosin ATPase activity was measured by considering with the fish jelly products of E. superba. Sample of E. superba frozen on board immediately after catching was obtained from Antarctic Ocean and frozen fresh prawn and shrimp were used as a control. Protease activity was measured with liberated amino acid by Lowry method. Tyrosinase activity was measured with oxygen up-take using manometer by Keilin Mann method. Myosin ATPase activity was determined with liberated phosphorous by Fiske Subbarow method.
The following results were obtained.
(1) Protease activity of E. superba was recognized to be of much higher against prawn and shrimp protease activity, but optimum pH and temperature of E. superba shrimp protease showed the same values of pH 8.0 and 40°C.
(2) Tyrosinase activity of prawn and shrimp using catechol as substrate showed higher tendency than E. superba tyrosinase activity. And more, optimum pH and temperature of E. superba or shrimp tyrosinase was pH 7.5 and 25°C.
(3) The values of myosin ATPase activity on E. superba was confirmed to be clearly different in comparison to prawn and shrimp myosin ATPase activity. The optimum pH and temperature of E. superba or shrimp myosin ATPase was recognized to be pH 6.0 and 20°C.

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In a previous paper, we reported that linseed oil heated under the inert gas showed a definite toxicity to mice and the toxic substance was considered to be 9- (2′-n-propylcyclohexyl) nonanoic acid and/or 8- (2′-n-butylcyclohexyl) octanoic acid with two double bonds. Moreover, the authors noticed that these cyclic fatty acids (Cy. FA) are carried to the liver after the absorption through the smallintestinal mucosa because those acids were found as the component fatty acids of liver lipids.
To know the degree of toxicity of these Cy. FA, linseed oil was heated under nitrogen gas and non-urea adduct forming fraction (NAFD Fr.) was separated and the 50% lethal dose (LD₅₀) of this fraction was determined by oral administration. It was found to be 9.84g/kg mouse and 33.35mmol/kg mouse.
In order to clarify the mechanism of acute toxicity of Cy. FA, several organs including the liver, lung, kidney, cerebrum, cerebellum and heart muscle were separated from the animals used for the determination of LD₅₀ and histopathological examinations were carried out.
Pathological changes were noticed mainly in the liver, lung, kidney and cerebrum. Among these changes, it was recognized that the changes of liver cells such as diffuse fatty degeneration, atrophy and necrosis were regarded only as the direct injurious effect of the Cy. FA. All the other findings were mainly attributed to non-specific circulatory impediment due to the shock that occurred secondary by administration of Cy. FA. In them there were the congestion of the liver and lung, necrosis of nerve cells in the cerebral cortex and degenerative epithelial changes of the distal tubules of the kidney.
These pathological examinations suggested that the acute toxicity of Cy. FA is realized through hepatic insufficiency resulted from toxic hepatocellular injury. Ischemic lesions of several organs caused by concomitant shock was also thought to be responsible for the death of animals.

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By using 30-day dietary records of 42 students living in a dormitory of a women's college, the variations in the intake of nutrients for the group of students were related to the varying length of time of survey; 1 day or consecutive 3, 5 or 7 days. For all the nutrients, the average nutrient intake per day per person showed the variation with a decreasing tendency by elongation of the length of time of survey, but the extent of decrease in the variation of the averages differed among nutrients, e. g., the largest decrease was observed for calcium and the smallest for fat.
The distance from the average obtained from 30-day records diminished to a less extent along with elongation of the length of time of survey.
Frequencies of cases when the 30-day average did not fall in the range of expected value calculated on the sample average and the sample variance by using t-statistic, became small for such nutrients as calcium, energy, protein, fat and iron, but unchanged substantially for vitamins.
The length of time to be studied was discussed in relation to pattern of variation and appropriate occasion.

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Present study concerns with the nutritional and physiological roles of monascorubrin against Monascus anka, a new strain to produce a natural pigment.
When 0.02g of monascorubrin was added to the medium containing 3ml of 99.5% ethanol, 0.01 mol of monobasic ammonium phosphate, 0.1g of monobasic potassium phosphate, 0.05g of magnesium sulfate in 100ml water, the growth and pigment production were considerably improved. Cultivation was carried out on a rotary shaker (150rpm) for 15 days at 30°C.
The results indicated that monascorubrin was not only an excreted material of Monascus anka but might had a activity for the fungus the improvement of utilization of ethanol as a carbon source.

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Gas analyzers of Roken type were generally used for the analysis of respiratory gas to date, but RMR in various kinds of action should be newly measured because the environment of our life is quite different from that of former days. And as the instrument of measuring expiratory gas, formerly expiratory gas analyser of Roken type was chiefly used, but now Breath Analyser and spectral gas analysers of Riken 18 type have been utilized for measuring expiratory gas. They are fit for field study, because of their character of small size and portable type.
We studied errors of measure and care in operation, using spectral gas analyser of Riken 18 type. And also we compared the results with those of other two kinds of instruments. Consequently we got the results as follows:
1) To use spectral gas analyser of Riken 18 type, some practice is necessary to deduce the errors (Tables 2 and 3).
2) To collect trial gas completely the inhaling by spray is necessary more than three times (Fig. 1).
3) Breath Analyser did not give few errors with untrained use (Table 1).
4) There is no difference in the values of measuring expiratory gas in resting and in action by both spectral gas analyser of Riken 18 type, gas analyser of Roken type and Breath Analyser (Tables 4 and 5).
From these results spectral gas analyser of Riken 18 type is useful for the analysis of V_O2, V_CO2 in expiratory gas.

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The effect of concurrent addition (5%) of various vegetable residues or konjac mannan was examined in weanling rats fed a toxic level (5%) of Food Red No. 2 (amaranth) in a semi-purified diet. The vegetable residues were prepared from great edible burdock (gobo), carrot roots (ninjin), Japanese raddish roots (daikon) and bamboo shoots (takenoko) by treating successively as follows: grinding with running water by a ISE-disposer, boiling in water for 20min, filtering centrifugally and washing thoroughly with ethanol. Air-dried sample was powdered by a Wiley mill with 1mm sifter (crude vegetable residues).
The following results were obtained.
(1) All the residues completely prevented the growth retardation caused by the addition of 5% amaranth to a purified basal diet.
(2) This effect was closely associated with the improvement of food efficiency, the value completely restoring up to that of the basal diet group.
(3) Konjac mannan (water-soluble polysaccharide, a glucomannan from thet ubers of Amorphophallus konjac, K. Koch) showed a similar but slightly less effect.
(4) The beneficial effect of these indigestible polysaccharides was apparently enhanced when the supply of the essential trace elements (Zn, Cu and Mn) is limited to the marginal levels.
(5) Demineralized gobo-residue also improved the balance of these elements.
Irrespective of observations 4 and 5, we concluded that the beneficial effect of the vegetable residues should be related to the other mechanism (s) than the improvement of mineral balance because the latter is small.

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Volatile flavor components of Daitokuji-Natto were studied by GC-MS, IR and GLC analyses.
Seven carbonyls (acetaldehyde, isobutyraldehyde, isovaleraldehyde, furfural, 5-methylfurfural, benzaldehyde and phenylacetaldehyde), an alcohol (furfurylacohol) and eight acids (acetic, propionic, isobutyric, n-butyric, isovaleric, isocaproic, n-caproic and phenylacetic acid) were identified, and a carbonyl and four bases were tentatively identified.
It seems that isovaleraldehyde, phenylacetaldehyde, furfural and furfurylalcohol are principal aroma components of Daitokuji-Natto.

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Studies were conducted to clarify the effect of dietary protein on the development in rats poisoned with lead, and the following results were obtained.
(1) The amounts of exogenous lead in the whole brain and blood of low protein group were higher than those of high protein group.
(2) Body weight gain per gram of dietary protein in the control group was higher than that in the lead-administered group.
To elucidate these mechanisms, the transferred amount of both lead and amino acids were measured. The rat small intestine, to which 1ml of casein solution, 1ml of lead nitrate solution and trypsin were packed, was incubated for 60minutes. The amount of lead transferred from intestinal mucosa to medium was markedly reduced by increasing amounts of protein added, and that of amino acid transferred was also inversely related to the lead concentration used. The activity of proteolytic enzyme was inhibited non-competitively by in vitro addition of lead, which K_i value was obtained to be 0.0015M.

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The feeding of high fat diet induced fatty liver, while the feeding of high carbohydrate diet caused hyperlipemia. In the case of the high fat diet, triglyceride was deposited markedly in the liver (namely, deposited type). Elevated levels of serum triglyceride might result from increased secretion of triglyceride from the liver (namely, secreted type).
No difference in cholinephosphotransferase activity was observed between the two groups. In contrast, diacylglycerol acyltransferase activity was higher in rats fed the high fat diet than in those fed the high carbohydrate diet.
The lipoprotein lipase activities in both the plasma after heparin injection and the adipose tissues were similar in the two groups, suggesting that the delivery of triglyceride from the plasma to the adipose tissue proceeds at a similar rate between the two groups.
Morphological examination revealed an increased number or size of lipid droplets in the liver cell cytoplasm of rats fed the high fat diet.

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The effect of polymetaphosphate (PMP) on the absorption of calcium was estimated from theincrement of serum calcium and phosphorus level.
After 15hrs of fasting, each rabbits were given 250mg of calcium chloride with 25, 50 or 100mg of PMP per 1kg of body weight. Calcium chloride and PMP were dissolved in water, and given through a stomach tube. Change of serum calcium and phosphorus levels was examined at some time intervals.
The increase of the calcium level in serum was suppressed with administration of 50 or 100mg of PMP and phosphorus value in serum decreased slowly during the experimental period.
But in the administration of 25mg of PMP, the calcium value in serum increased from 4.1 to 12.3% during 1hr of the experimental period, therafter the value was restored to the initial level.
After 15min of administration of 25mg of PMP, the phosphorus value in serum increased temporalily, but then the value decreased rapidly in the following 1 and 2hrs and therafter the value appeared to be restored.
From these results, it was assumed that calcium absorption was suppressed with 50 or 100mg of PMP, but 25mg of PMP did not have a pronounced effect on the calcium absorption.

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The effect of a high fructose diet on sucrase activity was studied in the small intestine of rats fed high fructose diet, high glucose diet, or high cornstarch diet. Rats were meal-fed for five days with the laboratory chow, twenty four hours after the last meal, a high carbohydrate (fructose, glucose or cornstarch) was given for four days and the rats were killed two hours after the beginning of the meal on the fourth day.
(1) A significant increase of intestnal mucosa was observed only rats meal-fed the high fructose diet for four days.
(2) The weight of the brush border also increased in rats meal-fed the high fructose diet for four days.
(3) Sucrase activity increased with mucosal weight. Sucrase activity of rats meal-fed the high fructose diet was greater than that of other groups, expressed in both per tissue weight and per mg of enzyme protein.
(4) Sucrase activity (units per mg protein) of brush border did not differ among the three groups.

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To know the quality of shortening, 29 samples were analyzed. Acid value was in the range of 0.03-0.12 (X 0.060), peroxide value, 0.0-0.93 (X 0.435) and carbonyl value, 0.74-5.14 (X 2.680), indicating no deterioration of oils. Melting point and iodine value varied greatly according to their usig properties, but there was hardly any difference in the saponification value among the samples except for four samples containing coconut oil.
Long-chain fatty acids of over C₂₀ were not found in the majority of samples, and shortchain fatty acids of less than C₁₂ were found in four samples. In general, amount of C₁₆ acids was characteristically great, and found in 32.46% on the average. Sterols detected were cholesterol, campesterol, stigmasterol and β-sitosterol. It was found from the features of sterol and fatty acid compositions that four samples consisted of only animal fats, 13 from vegetable oils, and 12 samples mixtures. From the results obtained above, it was noticed that lard was used as a main animal fat and palm oil was the main vegetable oil for shortening.

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AOM test and oven test (50°C, 10 weeks) were carried out with 29 samples of shortening for frying and spraying, and the correlation between the stability and the composition of shortening was examined.
Even though there was hardly recognized any changes in acid value by oven test with all samples tested, but changes of peroxide vatue separated into two groups, the one showed no change and the other changed rapidly. As the results of AOM test, it was found that there were 9 samples which required more than 100hrs. and 6 samples which required less than 50hrs. In general, samples compounded with coconut oil system and those with low degree of unsaturation tended to prolon, g the AOM time.
There were correlations between iodine value or content of unsaturated fatty acids and the AOM time or the peroxide value obtained by the oven test for 10 weeks, but the correlation coefficients with the AOM time was higher than those with the peroxide value.

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Cow milk, human milk and water in several areas in Hokkaido were analyzed for nitratenitrogen (NO₃-N) by the cadmium column method, nitrite-nitrogen (NO₂-N) by the diazocoupling reaction method and dimethylaminenitrogen (DMA-N) by the Cu-dithiocarbamete method.
Average content of NO₃-N in 380 samples of cow milk was 0.1ppm and NO₂-N was undetected (under the limit of 0.01ppm), but high NO₃-N levels (0.05-9.57ppm) and NO₂-N levels (0.01-0.47ppm) were found in human milk especially in colostrum. The ground water contained higher amount of NO₃-N and NO₂-N than the city water.
The DMA-N contents in cow and human milk were of trace level.

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To investigate the relationship between meat tenderness and content of the CASF (Ca²⁺-activated sarcoplasmic factor), the CASF was prepared from broiler and culled chicken pectoralis muscles immediately after death.
The yield of the crude CASF prepared from broiler was lower than that from culled chicken, while the specific activity of the former was higher than that of the latter. The crude CASF was fractionated into three fractions (A, B and C) by gel filtration on Sepharose 6B, and the fraction B was a main fraction of the CASF activity. The ratio of the fraction B to other fractions was higher for the crude CASF prepared from broiler than that from culled chicken.
It seems to be difficult to explain the difference in the tenderness between broiler and culled chicken meats only from the standpoint of the CASF activity.

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