Trypsin was immobilized on partially imidoesterized polyacrylonitrile. The activity and the amounts of immobilized enzyme on the carrier resin were depended on the conditions of the immobilization reaction (pH and temperature). The optimum pH in the immobilization had a broad peak in the range from pH 4.5 to 5.5. The optimum temperature for the activity was observed at 20°C, but the amounts of the immobilized enzyme was gradually increased with the elevation of the temperature. The relative activity of the immobilized trypsin was found to be in the range from 80% to 90% of the equivalent amount of the native enzyme.
The optimum pH of the immobilized trypsin were slightly shifted to the alkaline side (pH 8.1→pH 8.6) and the optimum temperature moved to the lower temperature side (49°C→47°C) comparing with those of native enzyme. The pH stability of the immobilized trypsin were almost identical to those of the native enzyme. The value of the apparent Michaelis constant (K_m) was estimated to be about 0.065wt% for the immobilized trypsin and 0.047wt% of the native enzyme respectively.
The endurance test of the immobilized trypsin column was pursued by the continuous operation for two weeks with a flow rate of 0.5ml/min at room temperature and 40°C.
The presence of ionic bond was suggested besides the covalent one of amidine bonding in mode of chemical attachment of enzyme to the carrier by the repeated hydrolysis of casein in batch process.

View full abstract

The previous work has shown that the Bordeaux mixture residue on tomatoes was efficiently removed by the washing with detergent containing sugar fatty acid ester and potassium pyrophosphate. In the present work, application of the detergent to an industrial usage has been studied with respect to the following points; (1) Scale-up of the washing test in a laboratory and the use of an airbublling equipment at the washing; (2) Durability of the detergency for the Bordeaux mixture residue; (3) Content of the detergent residue in rinsed tomatoes; (4) Foaming power of the washing solution; (5) Removal effect of this detergent at a plant of the tomato processing.
From the viewpoint of the application, desirable results were obtained by the tests mentioned above. In addition, copper and arsenical residue on grapes were found to be removed most efficiently and most completely by washing with the detergent and HCl following NaOH washing.
Further, under conditions of washing procedure by brushing, it was found that mechnical factor and chemical factor make equal contribution to detergency for phenthoate residue on Satsuma mandarin.

View full abstract

The ultraviolet exposure of the isolated liver mitochondria caused the great acceleration of its swelling, the increase of lipid peroxide content and the loss of ability to couple the oxidative phosphorylation with electron transport system of mitochondria. However, these deleterious effects of exposure were found to reduce in the mitochondria which was incubated with glutathione immediately after ultraviolet exposure. The antioxidant effect of glutathione was discussed.

View full abstract

The effects of lysine and threonine added to the rice diet on the growth, liver lipid content and plasma free amino acid levels were studied in young (5-weeks-old) and adult (15-weeks-old) rats.
Body weight gain and feed efficiency were improved in young rats fed a rice diet containing lysine and 6.3% or 12.0% protein. Adult rats fed a 89% rice diet supplemented with lysine showed an increase in the body weight gain and feed efficiency. Addition of lysine and threonine to a 89% rice diet improved the body weight gain in young rats, but there was no improvement in adult ones. The liver lipid content of young rats fed a 89% rice diet was 11.0 to 13.5% (dry weight). The content of liver triglyceride was increased with lysine supplementation in young rats fed a 89% rice diet, but the addition of threonine to the diet cancelled the high accumulation of triglyceride. No significant differences in the content of liver triglyceride were observed among adult rats fed the various experimental diets. Free threonine levels of the plasma and liver were lowered in young rats fed a 89% rice diet supplemented with lysine. The fatty acid composition of liver triglyceride of young or adult rats fed a 89% rice diet was not affected by the supplement of amino acids.

View full abstract

This study describes the relations between cultural conditions and vitamin C contents of Japanese Honeyworts, tomatoes and cucumbers. Cultural methods were classified into four types, namely, soilless, greenhouse, blanching and normal culture.
It is recognized that the vitamin C content of vegetables grown by “soilless culture” or by “greenhouse culture” was not significantly lower than those grown by “normal culture. ”
However, in the case of green leaved Japanese Honeyworts, harvested during the winter season, the vitamin C content of those grown by “greenhouse culture” was higher than those grown by “normal culture, ” while vitamin C content in blanched Japanese Honeyworts, was extremely low.
From the comparison of vitamin C contents of vegetables harvested in winter and summer seasons, higher vitamin C contents were observed in tomatoes and cucumbers in summer and green Japanese Honeyworts, in winter regardless of cultural methods.
In these vegetables, vitamin C content of “immature crops” was rather higher than that of “mature crops. ”

View full abstract

Choline-deficient diet induced fatty liver in rats derived from the accumulation of triglyceride. No reduction was observed in the level of liver phospholipid and the activity of cholinephosphotransferase in choline-deficient rats when compared with those receiving a choline-supplement. These results indicated that the accumulation of liver triglyceride during choline deficiency was not accompanied by the changes in liver phospholipid.
Decrease of triglyceride in the liver was observed in the choline-deficient rats after administering lecithin through a stomach tube. Decrease was also found in the level of serum triglyceride and cholesterol in this group. Mechanism of choline-deficient diet induced fatty liver was discussed on the basis of these results.

View full abstract

The interplay of complement system and cell mediated system in the immune surveillance systems was analysed during the nutritional restoration period by changing the 0.5% protein diet to 18% protein diet in rats experimentally. The restoration was confirmed by feed efficiency as measuring the food intake and body weight increase. The nutritional restoration was confirmed by the recovery to the normal state in biochemical findings in the sera, blood picture and histological observation of the liver.
As for the tuberculin skin reactivity, all the rats fed the 0.5% protein diet for 8 weeks showed negative reaction. After one week diet transfer, 6 rats out of 10 remained negative but the other 4 rats showed positive reaction. After two weeks all the rats recovered in tuberculin skin reactivity and the grade of increase in skin reactivity was in parallel with nutritional recovery.
As for the complement activity CH50, all the rats showed normal or higher value even after one week nutritional restoration. It is a very interesting finding that two rats out of ten examined at this stage showed higher CH50 level, but the tuberculin skin reactivity remained negative.
This finding suggests a possibility that in the course of nutritional restoration, the elevated complement activity may compensate the lowered state of cell mediated immunity to maintain the immunological surveillance system of the host.

View full abstract

Of 126 senior subjects answered to lead normal lives on questionnaire, 28 were found to have stool once in 2 to 3 days and 8 once in 4 to 7 days.
Eighteen out of the above cases complaining about constipation to a varying degree of seriousness were given both Bifidobacterium cultured milk (hereafter bifidus milk) and ordinary lactic cultured milk (hereafter lactic milk) alternatively in order to find out any benefit from Bifidobacterium over lactic milk with relieving constipation complaint.
Stool frequencies were reported with those subjects in three consecutive 10 day-periods which constitute each 10 days of predosing, lactic milk dosing and bifidus milk dosing in the order. Average frequencies in each 10-day period were 4.8, 5.7 and 7.1. The frequency in the third period was significantly higher than the others.
The fecal specimen was collected from 5 cases through the test period and their microflora was examined. Bifidobacterium group was found significantly higher in count in the specimens taken from the bifidus milk dosing period. Interestingly, dominant Bifidobacterium group lasted 8 weeks with 2 cases after dosing ceased.

View full abstract

When 5% citric acid solution containing citral and ethanol was stored at 40°C, unpleasant odor was produced within several days. After four weeks storage, the deteriorated products of citral were extracted with petroleum ether. The extracts were fractionated by vacuum distillation and each fraction was further separated by chromatography on aluminium oxide-Celite 535 (3: 1) column. p-Cymene and three components (P-3, P-4 and P-9) were isolated. P-3 showed the characteristic odor of the deteriorated citral.
P-3 was identified as 2-p-tolyl-propene by comparing the IR spectrum and the gas chromatogram with those of authentic specimen. P-9 was similarly identified as 2-p-tolyl-2-propanol. P-4 was concluded to be 2-p-tolyl-2-ethoxypropane by IR, MS and NMR spectra.
Among these components, P-4 was not detected in the deteriorated products of citral when the citric acid solution was used without ethanol. While P-3 and P-4 were derived from P-9 in the citric acid solution containing ethanol.

View full abstract

Human and bovine lactoferrins in the iron-saturated and free forms were digested with pepsin at different pH, in vitro. The amount of 6% TCA soluble peptides, the iron-binding capacity, immunological reactivity and electrophoretic patterns were analyzed.
At pH 2.0, each lactoferrin was very susceptible for the peptic digestion, independent upon the exist of iron. The iron-binding capacity and immunological reactivity almost disappeared after 30 min incubation. At pH 4.5, iron-saturated lactoferrin was more resistant to peptic digestion than iron-free lactoferrin. The iron-binding capacities of the former in human and bovine milk were 94.7% and 92.6%, respectively, after 3 hrs incubation, while those of the latter were 50.5% and 69.2%. At pH 6.0, both iron-saturated and iron-free lactoferrin was little digested with pepsin. Human and bovine caseins, however, were more susceptible to peptic digestion than the corresponding lactoferrin at the same condition.
The structural differences between human and bovine lactoferrins were suggested by disc gel electrophoretic and immunoelectrophoretic patterns.
Furthermore, some fragments or undigested portion with iron-binding property were found in the iron-free bovine lactoferrin digests by means of radioactive iron.

View full abstract

Two groups of rats (group 1 and 2) were normal control and liver injury group induced by 14mg of dimethylnitrosamine per kg body weight per os. A half of group 1 and 2 (3 days after the administration of DNA) received 6mg of ¹⁵NH₄Cl per 100g body weight intraperitoneally. The other halves of group 1 and 2 received 8.4mg of ¹⁵N-glycine per 100g body weight. ¹⁵N in plasma albumin and urea was determined at one and three hours after the injection. The incorporation of the isotope into plasma albumin of the rats received ¹⁵N-NH₄Cl was lower in group 2 than group 1. The incorpolation into urea was higher in group 2 than group 1. In the rats received ¹⁵N-glycine, the incorporation of ¹⁵N into albumin was higher in group 2 than group 1, and into urea of group 1 and 2 was the same.
Four groups of 5 rats each, weighing 240g, were fed daily with 10g of a synthetic diet that had no protein. Group 1 received 0.8g casein daily over the fundamental diet, and group 2 received 0.8g more starch instead of casein. Group 3 received 30ml of amino acid mixture that contained amino acids in amount and composition similar to that of 0.8g casein intraperitoneally, and group 4 received the same mixture per os. Four weeks after the feeding, all the rats were administrated 8mg of ¹⁵N-NH₄Cl per 100g body weight, and ¹⁵N in the plasma albumin and urea was determined hourly for 4 hours. No weight loss or hypoalbuminemia was found in each of group 1, 3 and 4. The incorporation of ¹⁵N into plasma albumin was higher in group 1, 3 and 4, compared to group 2, which showed a significant decrease in body weight and plasma albumin level. The incorporation of ¹⁵N into urea, however, was higher in group 3 and 4, than that of group 1 and 2.
The results suggested that: (1) In the rats with liver damage induced by dimethylnitrosamine, synthesis of amino acid in the liver is impaired, although the rate of albumin synthesis from amino acid is still maintained. (2) Parenteral use of amino acid mixture is useful for the maintenance of normal protein synthesis in rats fed with protein deficient diet.

View full abstract

Optimum conditions were established for the preparation of tetramethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives from aqueous sugar solution for gas liquid chromatography.
1) Tetramethylsilylation by the addition of 0.25ml of pyridine, 1.25ml of N-TMSI and 0.2ml of TMCS to 25μl of 20% aqueous solution gives TMS derivative with precision equal to that obtained by the conventional method, and a good result was obtained in the recovery experiment. Consequently, this new method will eliminate the dehydration process necessary in the conventional method and disregard the low solubility of oligosaccharides in pyridine.
2) The programmed GLC method has higher analytical precision than the isothermal GLC method, and there was a significant difference between these two methods.

View full abstract