Anti-idiotype (anti-Id) antibody that contains an internal image of Theileria sergenti (T. sergenti) merozoite surface antigen was intramuscularly inoculated to calves to induce anti- T. sergenti antibody. In immunized calves, anti-anti-Id antibodies were induced and these antibodies bound to merozoites of T. sergenti were confirmed by immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In this experiment, one calf with the highest antibody titer against anti-Id antibody was intravenously challenged with T. sergenti-infected erythrocytes to show insufficient potective effects of the anti-anti-Id antibodies against the challenge.

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The characteristics of ECG changes with representative antiarrhythmic drugs; procainamide (PA)(class Ia), lidocaine (LC)(class Ib), propranolol (PN)(class II), and verapamil (VP)(class IV) were investigated in adult rats. Action potential (AP) was also recorded from myocardial cells during electrical stimuli with frequencies of 1-5 Hz. All the four drugs produced ECG abnormalities which contained AV and SA blocks at middle and high dose levels. Three drugs except VP induced a prolongation of QRS complex and notched QRS at low or middle dosd level. As compared such effects with those in dogs and humans, some differences were noted as follows: (1)a dose-dependent prolongation of QT interval by LC and PN, and (2)a shortening of RR interval by VP at the dose of 0.6 mg/kg or less. LC and PN elongated the QT interval in the unipolar precordial chest lead ECGs at right anterior chest positions. These two drugs did not affect the duration of AP (APD₉₀), whereas maximum upstroke velocity (Vmax) decreased. These results suggest that the prolongation of QT interval with LC and PN was due to a delay in local ventricular conduction time, especially on the right ventricle. The shortening of RR interval by VP was clearly blocked by the pretreatment with PN, indicating that this shortening reflected the sympathetic nervous reflex presumably due to the peripheral vasodilation effect of VP.

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The mechanisms of histamine-induced contraction and relaxation were investigated in rings isolated from a middle part of the left descending coronary arteries of horses. Intact and endothelium-denuded preparations were compared. Rings of horse coronary arteries contracted in response to histamine in a concentration dependent manner, but some of them relaxed with lower concentrations and contracted with higher concentrations. Removal of the endothelium abolished the relaxation and potentiated the contraction. The pD₂ values were 4.70±0.08 in the rings with intact endothelium and 4.95±0.08 in endothelium-denuded rings. Histamine-induced contractions in intact and denuded preparations were not affected by an H₂-antagonist, cimetidine, but were inhibited by an H₁-antagonist, diphenhydramine in non-competitive manner in the rings with endothelium and in competitive manner in denuded rings. After precontraction with PGF_SUP2α or norepinephrine, histamine relaxed preparations with intact endothelium (pD₂ value, 7.80±0.11), although histamine-induced relaxations were not observed in denuded preparations. The relaxation was competitively inhibited by diphenhydramine. Relaxing response was significantly attenuated by methylene blue, quinacrine, L-nitro-arginine, gossypol and AA861 but not by indomethacin. These results suggest that the hisidmine-induced contraction and relaxation in horse coronary arteries are mediated mainly by H₁-receptors in the smooth muscle and endothelium, respectively, and H₁-receptor activation of endothelial cells may liberate vasodilator substance(s).

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Plasma concentrations of estrogens, gestagens, cortisol (F), 13, 14-dihydro, 15-keto PGF_<2αgt; (PGFM) and pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) in 10 Thoroughbred mares were measured for a 11-month pregnancy period. Estrone (E₁) and estradiol-17β (E₂) levels gradually increased as the pregnancy advanced, showing a peak around Month 8 and decreased thereafter. Progesterone (P) levels increased on Months 3 and 11, and 17α-OH-progesterone (17α-OHP)levels peaked on Month 3, whereas 20α-OH-progesterone (20α-OHP) levels increased sharply after Month 6. PGFM indicated peaks on Months 2 and 11. F and PMSG levels peaked on Months 2 and 3. From factor analysis, Month, E₁, E₂and 20α-OHP were discriminated as Factor 1, increasing with the progress of pregnancy, PMSG, 17α-OHP and P as Factor 2, showing a relation with the secondary corpus luteum, and PGFM and F as Factor 3, affecting PGFM change on Month 2 by F. P also related to both Factors 1 and 3, showing an inverse relation against PGFM. In conclusion E₁, E₂ and 20α-OHP contained in Factor 1 were suggested to be important especially as parameters of placental function after Month 6.

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A study was performed to examine the effect of viral inoculum size on the appearance of clinical signs in equine Getah virus (GV) infection by intramuscular inoculation with 10^1.3 to 10^6.3 TCID₅₀ of the MI-110 strain in 6 experimental horses. When inoculated with more than 10^3.3 TCID₅₀ of the virus, every horse developed pyrexia, edema in the hind legs, serous nasal discharge, lymphopenia and viremia in the relatively early stage of disease. On the other hand, enlargement of the submandibular lymph node was observed only in horses inoculated with 10^5.3 and 10^6.3 TCID₅₀ of the virus, while typical eruptions were developed in every horse inoculated with 10^4.3 TCID₅₀ or less. These results demonstrated that the appearance of clinical signs in equine GV infection was dependent on viral inoculum size. Besides, it was assumed to be rare chance that eruptions and enlargement of the submandibular lymph node were developed simultaneously in a horse.

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Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) isoenzymes obtained from sera of fetus and neonatal calves were examined by electrophoretical analysis using cellulose acetate membrane. A band at Rf 0.45 was detected in the fetal sera. Two bands at Rf 0.53 and Rf 0.31 were observed in the sera of calves 60 days aftef birth. By immunoelectrophoretical analysis with the anti-kidney ALP in agarose, a precipitin line appeared from the sera of calves at 4.5 hours after birth. No precipitin line was observed from the fetal sera. Results showed that kidney ALP isodnzymes are present in the serum just after birth in cattle.

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Ultraviolet (UV)-irradiated whole dog blood prevented the initiation of proliferative responses in allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR). When dogs were given 4 weekly intravenous transfusions of UV-irradiated allogeneic donor whole blood, peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) of the recipients responded less significantly to donor PBL in MLR for over one week after the final transfusion. Red blood cell (RBC)-crossmatching of these dogs was negative. Dogs treated with UV-irradiated blood did not produce anti-donor PBL antibody, or IgG, IgM and C3 determined by the indirect Coombs test. These dogs also had negligible delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses to donor PBL at the end of the treatment period, recognized as slightly suppression of skin graft rejection. In contrast, six dogs receiving injections of untreated allogeneic whole blood evidenced high proliferation in MLR, agglutination in RBC-crossmatching, acute rejection of skin grafts and three of them produced C3 in the Coombs test.

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Anthelmintic efficacy of milbemycin D was evaluated against Toxocara cati and Ancylostoma tubaeforme in domestic cats. Twelve cats naturally infected with each nematode species were allocated among 2 groups of 6 animals each, and milbemycin D was orally administered to the 2 groups of cats in doses of 0.05 mg/kg and 0.1 mg/kg body weight, respectively. In all the cats infected with T. cati, fecal egg counts decreased followed by their disappearance from the feces and 2-35 worms were excreted into the feces after the medication in both doses of 0.05 mg/kg and 0.1 mg/kg. At postmortem of these medicated groups, no worms were detected from 4 cats of each group, but 1 and 2 immature worms were recovered from the other 2 cats respectively. In the cats infected with A. tubaeforme, fecal egg counts decreased followed by the disappearance from the feces and 2-62 worms were excreted into the feces in all the cats of the 2 groups, no nematodes remaining at postmortem. These results indicate that milbemycin D is fu1ly effective against T. cati and A.tubaeforme in cats in a dose of 0.05-0.1 mg/kg.

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Novelsynthetic Obiopeptide (Obi-1), Glycil-penta-Glutamate, as an immunoregulator, injected intramuscularly to methylcholanthrene (MC) induced tumour bearing mice at 30-100 μg per mouse weekly, significantly inhibited tumour growth, compared to that of the untreated control. Numbers of mononuclear cells (MNC) in the spleen obtained from Obi-1 treated and untreated mice were reduced to 64% and 10% of the normal levels, respectively. In histopathological findings, variations of MNC in the spleen was observed in colonies of large MNC and lymphocytes in Obi-1 treated red marrow, while untreated one showed only scattered number of smalllymphocytes. A significant O^-₂ production was noted in monolayers of normal macrophages incubated with 0.5 mg Obi-1/ml for 48 hr. Cytotoxicity of spleen MNC cultured with Obi-1 against MC-tumour, Meth A, P-815 and YAC-1 target cells showed less than 10% cytotoxic activity in almost all experiments.

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Three dimensional vascular architecture in the omasal laminae of sheep was studied by scanning electron microscopy of corrosion casts. The omasal laminae were equipped with well-developed subepithelial capillary network with various capillary loops and inter-papillar undulations. The capillary loops were more highly developed in the omasal papillae than in the inter-papillar space and more in the oral region than in the aboral. The capillary loops were inconspicuous in the inter-papillar space of the middle and aboral regions and in the omasal papillae of the aboral region. On the other hand, the inter-papillar undulation of the capillary network was more conspicuous in the aboral region than in the other regions of the omasal mucosa. These findings may indicate a regional diversity in the function of the omasal laminae.

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The effect of soluble fractions derived from the placenta on the outgrowth and giant cell transformation of the ectoplacental cone (EPC) was investigated in vitro. EPCs taken from the fetal mice on day 7.5 post coitum (pc) were incubated with α-MEM-containing fetal calf serum (FCS) (FCS-α-MEM) for 24 hr. Then, the medium was exchanged with α-MEM alone, FCS-α-MEM, or α-MEM containing a crude extract from placental region on day 8.5, 10.5 or 12.5 pc (10 ml phosphate buffer/g placenta). Each EPC was continued to be incubated for 6 days, and the rate of EPC outgrowth and the number of trophoblastic giant cells (TGCs) were evaluated under a phase-contrast microscope. As a result, the administration of each placental extract significantly induced the cell spreading and TGC transformation of EPC as compared with the culture in α-MEM alone. The rate of cell-spreading rapidly increased on the 2nd day after incubation in the medium containing placental extracts. In particular, EPC outgrowth was more remarkable in the medium containing the 10.5-day placental extract than in the other media including FCS-containing medium. The number of transformed TGCs was also the largest in the 10.5-day medium among the groups examined. These results indicate that certain placental factors at mid-gestation, especially on day 10.5 pc, may facilitate the EPC differentiation.

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Tyzzer's disease in rats carrying preneoplastic or neoplastic lesions in the liver was studied histopathologically and immunohistochemically. The formation of necrotic foci and the growth of organisms were detected within both glutathione S-transferase placental type (GST-P) positive preneoplastic or neoplastic hepatocyte areas and GST-P negative areas. However, plasma glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) values and number of necrotic foci of infected animals having preneoplastic lesions in the liver were smaller than those of infected animals receiving no carcinogenic procedure. These results suggest that the environment consisted of preneoplastic hepatocytes was unsuitable for the growth of organisms as compared with that of intact hepatocytes though the organism could grow within the preneoplastic hepatocytes.

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Aerosol transmission in equine Getah virus (GV) infection was examined by intranasal inoculation with 10^3.0 to 10^7.0 TCID₅₀ of the MI-110 strain in 7 experimental horses. The establishment of intranasal infection of GV was confirmed in all these horses by detecting serum neutralizing antibody against the MI-110 strain. Horses inoculated with more than 10^4.0 TCID₅₀ of the virus manifested mild pyrexia, eruptions, serous nasal discharge, lymphopenia or monocytosis. Viremia ranging from 10^1.0 to 10^3.5 TCID₅₀/0.2 ml occurred in horses inoculated with 10^5.0 TCID_5.0 or more. Virus recovery from the nasal cavity was observed only in horses inoculated with 10^7.0 TCID₅₀, and the viral titers recorded were 10^3.0 TICD₅₀/ml or less. From these results, it is assumed that GV disseminated from the nasal cavity of naturally infected horses, except for intranasal infection with a lot of the virus, is probably very low in titer. So it seems to be rare that GV in natural cycles is spread from horse to horse by aerosol transmission.

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A total of 72 White Leghorn grandparent hens was examined by ELISA for avian leukosis virus (ALV), ALV antigens and anti-ALV antibodies to identify and characterize the hens transmitting ALV to their embryos (transmitters) by using fertilized eggs. These hens were divided into 3 groups as no antibody and non-viremic (NANV) (49 hens), antibody-positive and non-viremic (APNV) (21 hens) and no antibody and viremic (NAV) (2 hens) by testing the sera for the presence of ALV and anti-ALV antibody. Egg albumen and embryos were tested for the presence of ALV and ALV antigens. As a result, no ALV was detected in both albumen and embryos in the NANV group. On the other hand, all albumen samples collected repeatedly from 3 hens of the APNV group and 2 hens of the NAV group contained infectious ALV, although the infectivity differed with the individual. Also, these 5 hens produced infected embryos at varying frequencies. However, one AP hen which shed neither ALV nor ALV antigens into the albumen produced an infected embryo at a lower rate. These results indicate that testing for infectious ALV in albumen from a newly laid egg per hen is effective to identify the transmitters to some extent. When virus titers in each of 8 tissue samples from the 6 transmitting hens were determined, the highest virus titers were found in washing from the ampulla of the oviducts in most of the shedders, suggesting that embryo infection is closely correlated with ALV produced at the oviduct, but not with ALV transferred from the othdr parts of the body.

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The distribution of T. canis larvae and pathological chantes caused by them were studied in Japanese quails orally inoculated with 1, 5000, 4, 000 or 15, 000 embryonated eggs. Larvae were distributed mainly in the liver and, to lesser extent, in the muscles, bfain, eyes and othdr organs. The number of larvae varied from 7 to 3, 346, and from 1 to 288 in the liver and muscles (breast and legs), respectively. A small number of larvae were also recovered from the heart, gizzard, brain and eyes. In thd groups of quails inoculated With 4, 000 or 15, 000 eggs, small white foci were observed on the surface of the liver 6 or 12 hr after inoculation. Histopathological exdminations fevealed necrotic lesions, leukocytic infiltration, granuloma and nodular lesions. The pathological changes became more serious with the large size of inoculum and days after inoculation.

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A total of 1, 705 fecal specimens or ileo-cecal contents of cattle, pigs, dogs, cats, chicken and rats were submitted for the isolation of Listeria monocytogenes by the use of the combination of Oxford-LPM agar plates after the cold enrichment in PBS at 4°C for 4-6 weeks. Prevalence of L. monocytogenes was found to be l1.9% in cattle, 0.6% in pigs, 0.9% in dogs and 6.5% in rats. However, none of L. monocytogenes was isolated from chicken or cats. Among 26 isolates of L. monocytogenes, 13 strains (50%) were classified into types 1/2a (3 strains), 1/2b (5 strains) and 4b (5 strains)and were often associated with human listeriosis. The majority of the Listeria spp. other than L. monocytogenes isolated from these animals was found to be L. innocua.

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Developing lymphoid tissues of bovine fetuses ranging from 70 to 270 days of fetal age were examined by histological and immunohistochemical procedures. In the peripheral blood, surface membrane immunoglobulin bearing cells (B-lymphocytes) and sheep red blood cell rosette forming cells (T-lymphocytes) had already appeared by 70 days of fetal age. In the lymph nodes intracytoplasmic IgM positive cells appeared at 90 days of fetal age. The cells positive for IgG appeared at 150 days of fetal age and IgA positive cells appeared at 180 days of fetal age. The spleen contained intracytoplasmic immunoglobulin positive cells at almost the same time as those in the lymph nodes. In the ileocecal region, IgM positive cells and IgG positive cells were present at 180 days of fetal age and IgA positive cells were present at 210 days of fetal age. The tonsils contained IgM positive cells and IgG positive cells at 240 days of fetal age. In the thymus, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase positive cells appeared at 90 days of fetal age.

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Hemocytes of adult Clithon retropictus were attracted chemotactically to live Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Escherichia coli strains. The chemotaxis was stimulated by the plasma of adult C. retropictus. Hemocytes of the juvenile specimen were attracted chemotactically to V. parahaemolyticus and E. coli strains in the presence of the plasma of the Juvenile and only to E. coli strain in the absence of the plasma. These evidences suggest that hemocytes of juvenile C.retropictus might be defective to recognize V. parahaemolyticus strains and that the hemocytes would display full activities in the presence of the plasma factor(s).

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Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) was isolated from 14 out of 35 wild house mouse samples captured on two piers of Osaka port in Japan. Four of them were isolated from 18 antibody positive mice while 10 were from 17 antibody negative mice. This is the first report of the isolation of LCMV from wild mice in Japan.

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Lectin-binding patterns in the testis of the sexually mature goat were investigated by light and transmission electron microscopy. Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA) and Griffonia simplicfolia agglutinin-I (GS-I) were negative in the seminiferous epithelium, but soybean (Glycine max) agglutinin (SBA), Griffonia simplicfolia agglutinin-II (GS-II) and peanut (Arachis hypogaea) agglutinin (PNA) were positive in the acrosomal vdsicle of the Golgi-phase spermatids and in the acrosome of the cap-, acrosome- and maturation-phase spermatids. In addition, PNA was positive also in the plasma membrand and cytoplasm of the spermatogenic cells from the late pachytene spermatocytes to the maturation-phase spermatids. This finding indicates that glycoconjugates containing D-galactose residue appear at this period. Therefore, PNA may be a useful marker of developing spermatogenic cells. Electron microscopically, the positive reactions of SBA, GS-II and PNA were demonstrated in the central dense area (acrosomal granule) of the cap-phase spermatid acrosome, but not in the peripheral low-dense area. These results indicate that the lectin-bindings in the goat testis not only are common features, but also have patterns somewhat different from those in other mammals in such a way that GS-II can be detected in the acrosomal region of all phases of spermatids and that PNA is positive in the late spermatid acrosome.

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The intestinal Peyer's patches (PP) were significantly different in distribution and fine morphology between Mongolian gerbils and mice. The PP of gerbils were evenly distributed from the duodenum to ileum, whereas the PP of mice were more densely distributed in the lower ileum than other parts of the intestine. In gerbils, each PP had a much greater number of lymphoid follicles than in mice, although the total number of PP was smaller. Electron microscopy revealed that the PP dome of gerbils was covered with two types of epithelial cells, one with shorter microvilli and the other with longer ones, whereas the epithelial cells of the murine PP dome was uniform-shaped with numerous medium-sized microvilli. Some dome absorptive cells of gerbils were morphologically similar to poorly differentiated crypt cells of mice, suggesting to be immature M cells.

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Isoprothiolane at a dose of 250 mg/kg or phytosterol 50 mg/kg was orally administered to rats once a day for 2 weeks. Basal [U-¹⁴C]glucose conversion rate to total lipids in isolated adipocytes of the rats was significantly decreased by treatment with isoprothiolane (54%) or phytosterol (82%). Adipocytes from the rats with isoprothiolane released less glycerol than those from control rats only at an epinephrine concentration of 10 μM. The serum level of total cholesterol was depressed by phytosterol ingestion. The level of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) was increased by isoprothiolane. Desaturation in fatty acid composition of phospholipid or cholesterol ester was observed in serum, liver and adipose tissue of the rats trdated with either drug. These results suggest that either drug may have common effects by preventing lipid deposition into adipocytes and accelerating fatty acid desaturation in tissue lipids.

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Visual evoked potential (VEP) was studied in five adult male guinea pigs weighing 350-750 g. VEPs were recorded with chronically implanted electrodes. Photic stimulation was presented in the following order: binocular, left eye, right eye, and screened binocular. The averages of the responses were made from 140 samples. When a single eye was exposed to photic stimulation, the ipsilateral VEP was different from the contralateral VEP; the peaks N₁₄₀ and P₂₀₀ disappeared, and the peak latencies of N₇₅ and P₁₀₀ were significantly (P<0.05) longer than those in the contralateral hemisphere. Peak-to-peak amplitude N₄₀-P₅₅ in the ipsilateral VEP was significantly (P<0.05) lower than that in the contralateral VEP. The contralateral VEP by monocular stimulation was generally indistinguishable from the response to binocular stimulation. As described above, when only a single eye was exposed to flashes, the ipsilateral dural VEP was different from the contralateral dural VEP.

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The genomic DNA of Haemophilus paragallinarum (Hpg) serotype A strain 221 was cloned into vector plasmid pBR322. The recombinant plasmids were introduced into Escherichia coli (E. coli) strain C600. Subsequently, a total of 277 transformants were obtained. One, designated strain no.6, expressed hemagglutination activity against chicken erythrocytes. Strain no.6 contained the recombinant plasmid pNV102, and DNA of about 2.57 kb was inserted into pNV102. When strain no.6 was cured of pNV102, the strain lost hemagglutination activity. When the cured strain was retransformed with pNV102, hemagglutination activity was restored. E. coli strain no.6 reacted with monoclonal antibody specific to the hemagglutinin of Hpg serotype A in a dot-blotting analysis. Chickens immunized with the inactivated strain no.6 produced the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody, and chickens possessing the HI antibody showed protection against challenge exposure by Hpg strain 221.

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Ultrastructural observation was performed in C cells of sheep injected intramuscularly with a dose of 2 million IU of vitamin D₃ daily for 10 days, 20 days and 30 days, respectively. After treatment with vitamin D₃, hyperplasia and hypertrophy of C cells were noticed mainly at the periphery of the thyfoid follicles. Most of hypertrophied C cells degranulated conspicuously and contained many prosecretory granules near the well developed Golgi apparatus which were in the actively secreting and packating phase of their secretory cycle. The other C cells had prominent lamellar arrays of rough-endoplasmic reticulum and aggregations of free ribosomes in the cytoblasm which were interpreted to be in the actively synthesizing phase of their secretory cycle. Atrophic C cells which contained degenerative organelles in the cytoplasm were occationally obderved among the hypertrophied C cells. The present ultrastructural findings clarified that C cells synthesize and secrete calcitonin continuously due to prolonged hypercalcemia induced by long-term administration of excessive doses of vitamin D₃ in sheep.

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