The southern Balga, in Dalai Tala basin on North-eastern Mongolian Platean, has a number of sand dune regions. Their forms are classified into the following three types ; the first is built by alluvial sand sent by the present rivers : the second lines up at the edges of eminences gradually eroded by the wind : the third type - the subject of this study - is crowded in the spindle shape, based on the lower-level surface of the Steppe. This lower base is nearer to the underground water than the higher surface of the Steppe covered with lots of Stipa baicalensis var. mongolica. Woody plants, such as Pmus sylvestris vor. mongolica are growing on the lower base, but there are scarcely any kinds of grasses. Fig 2 shows the distribution of the third type sand dunes.
These dunes of the socaled Mankha type are 5 to 10 metres high. Some people who had engaged in the study of inner Asia concluded that the sand of these dunes was originated in the sand beds accumlated by the water at the present location. Now this opinion is a general view. But we have some doubt about this view, because G. N. Potanin and L. I. Praslov had reported that the sand beds were found on the west slopes of the foothills and passes of both the Southern part of Great Khingan and the Mountains of Zabaikalia, and that they were regarded as the aeolian deposit. No false beds and gravels have been found in these beds. These sand beds were not recognized at the east slope of Great Khingan. This has been seen too by the auther at the middle part of Greaf Khingan, as shown in Fig. 3. On the Mountains of Zabaicalia the sand beds are always very low on the east slope. Are these the facts contradictory against the beformentiond general view ?
The subject of this study is to settle this problem by the data collected by the auther during the World War. The higher surface of this Steppe is generally covered with light chestnut soils. It has about 0.5-0.7 metre thickness at the eastern part. Its hardness can hold a motor-truck making nodepression of its tires, This hardness comes from illuviation of saline in B horizon of the chestnut soils, and the root-mat of grasses in Ahorizon. The thickness of this soil towerd the west of Balga diminishes to 0.2 metre or so, then the soil will be apt to be broken by the wind or other actions.
On the lower surface the sand band are so weak that a motretruk can hardly pass across the region of the sand dune area. In this region the desalininzation by rain seems to be vivacious.
There are great many water pools or little lakes on the lower surface of the sand dunes, which are supplied the underground water. Most of them are not parched in the midsummer, in spite of the evapolation exceed over the precipitation at this Steppe. Therefor we can guess the average surface of the underground water by the bottoms of the lakes. The depths of all lakes do not exceed by 1 or 2 metres. Thus the surface may be determined as shown in Fig. 2.
By the chemical composition of water of these lakes they are roughly classified into the following three types; fresh water, salt water, and sods. They are arranged in this order as shown in Fig. 4 from east to west, In adition to that, the textur of soils increase the clayly ingredients from east to west and decrease the coarse rand. All of these data support the following assumption regards to the origin of the sand beds of this steppe, That is to say, these distributions of the sand beds proved that they are the deposits of the old rivers which had flown from the eastern mountain land, or the old Khingan, and that they may be correlated with the river terraces in the inner part of the present Great Khingan. The fine sand of those beds were blown toward the west slope at the foot of those mountains by westery storms and it built up the sand beds of aeolan deposit.

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The writers studied landslides in relation to geology and topography in an area composed mainly of andesite volcanic rocks. Consequently we found as follows. 1. In the Yugahara and Atami national forest district, landslides occurred most frequently in the asea where the Yugahara andesite lava abuts the Tenshozan basaltic andesite. 2. Landslides are closely related to slope. They occur most often in the areas where the slope is 37 to 42 degrees, we further found that a slide will take place, within statistical variation limits of plus or minus five percent slides occured no more frequently on slopes with any particular compass orientation.

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(1) P value of the Night-train can be an index which determines the character of trains and the mutual directional character among the areas. Especially. P1 the number of the passengers at the starting station : the whole passengers) P3 (passengers between the starting and the terminal stations : the number of the passengers at the starting station) and P5 (the number of the passengers between the starting and terminal stations : the whole passengers) ase the index which shows whether the triin is nocturnal or daytime. generally, P1 is shown hign in degree in a Night train. But other values except P1 are various. For example, in the case of the ‘Ise’, its P1=92, P3=6 and P5=1. In the case of the train , P1=92 P =97 and P5 1, and both trains are different in their nature as a Night-train.
(2) In the time of the traffic of passengers between Tokyo and Osaka, 1, 271 persons make use of Night-trains while 212 persons take Daytime-trains, This shows the utilization of Night-trains surpass.
(3) The Tokai district between Tokyo and Osaka, the Sanyo district between Osaka Kyushu, and the Tohoku district between Tokyo and Hokkaido, these districts are ‘unavailable time zones, ’ These unavailaqle time zones are ‘passage areas’. If these are compsared with the directional asea, they are less powerful as independent districts economically and socially.
(4) The Sanyo and Kyushu districts can be reached from Tokyo, Kyoto or Osaka within 24 hours by a Night-train. But the people from Kyoto or Osaka have much available time of sojourn. Consequently, the number of passengers which inclines to there districts differs.
(5) Generally speaking, when A and B form a seection and have no other region called C in their further front, even if the distance of the section is 200 km or so, it forms a directional region. But the region called C is important from the economical point of view, and B region becomes a passage area for the purpose of the passenger treffic.
(6) The economical value of trains is considered greater in the case of an express and a Night-train. If a city is to have an independent economical power enough to have Night-trains, operating the distance between these cities must be 500km. From the contrary point of view, a populous city near a large city can be called, as it is, a satellite town.
(7) The transition from a passage ares to a directional region comes to bring the desire to have Night-trains available, But, if it is limited because of the distance, the stop of a train from midnight to morning, can be considered.
(8) The improvement of transportation increases the desire for it, and the increase of the desire promotes the productivity. In my opinion, tsansportation must go a step ahead of production.

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