In 1953, Section of Statistical Researches in the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry published the account tables of annual variation of paddy rice & wheat yield per TAN of cities, towns and villages in Japan, which contain the mean yield per TAN, standard deviation and the C. C. V. (coefficient of variation.) of rice and wheat. Those were accounted by the statistics from 1926 to 1940. Based on these tables the writer has drawn up a map of distribution of C. V. of paddy rice yield per TAN (Fig. 1). The map points out the stability and the unstability of agricultural production in Japan, for daddy rice is the most important in every prefecture. Eastern Japan in comparison with western Japan, has a high unstability, almost all parts have the C. V. of 20 or more. Western Japan has a high stability, and its C. V. is less than 20 in most of the region.
Centers of the unstable areas in eastern Japan are on the mountain-lands, plateaus of Kitakami and Abukuma, mountains of the central chain of Ou, and some mountains of Chubu. Generally, eastern Ou, which lies to the east of the central chain of Ou, is much less stable, where the low land facing the sea without shelter to the north-eastern or eastern cold wind, e. g. the coastal plain of Sanbongi-hara, and marginal Jow land of Soma, are also unstable. But western Ou, the western side of the central chain of Ou, is comparatively stable. Especially, basins and plains which lie on the western side of the mountains and plateaus are stable. The cold wind which blows from the east or north-east in summer brings a poor harvest in these regions. That wind is named YAMASE in the nothern part of eastern Ou, and disfavoured by the farmers. It is an interesting fact that the centers of the unstable areas in Ou correspond to the grazing regions.
In western Japan, mountain-lands are rather stable, the plateau of Chugoku, is very stable. And some low lands are unstable. Especially in the so-called Setouchi, which includes the low lands of Sanyo, the islands in the inland-sea of Seto, north-eastern Kyushu, and northern Shikoku. In that region poor harvests by low temperature seldom occur, but droughts can cause them there. Some regions suffer from floods by typhoons. In north-western Kyushu, Hizen Peninsula, Iki Island Tsushima etc. are unstable. The farther westward the region is from the district of Kinki, and the farther northward it is from the same district, the greater is its C. V. accounted for each prefecture. It seems to me that the nearer it is to the dry limit of the rice culture region on south-eastern Asia, the more frequent and severe damages of drought occur, while the nearer to the poler limit of it, the more frequent and severe damages of low temperature occur in summer.

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In Nakadori lowland-belt of Fukushima prefecture, several plains are contained, and the pattern of land is locally different. Therefore, from the measurement of 12 sheets of 1:50, 000 topographical map containing this lowland-belt, the writer made three distribution-maps and one density-table. With both the author described the arableland-density of this lowland-belt, and compared the degree of land-development of each plain.
(1) The writer divides the lowland into six basins on topography as the following : - 1) Fukushima basin, 2) Motomiya B., 3) Koriyama B., 4) Yabuki B., 5) Shirakawa B., 6) Kujigawa valley. Fig. [1] shows these six basins.
(2) According to Yoshimura's method (1933), the measurement was used, and three distribution-maps were written by many isopleth lines at an interval of 10%. Namely, Fig. [2] shows the distribution of paddy land-density. Fig. [3] shows the Dis, of field-density. Fig. [4] shows the Dis. of arable land-densty. Note : An arable land is equal to both a paddy land and a field.
(3) The density of paddy lands is large in the northern district and small in the southern of lowland-belt. Especially the whole zone of Kikuta in Koriyama basin shows high degree of over 80%, on the other and, most of Yabuki basin is less than 20%.
(4) As to the density of fields, the district showed with high density is more limited than that of paddy lands. The district of over 60% is the flood plain of the river Abukuma in Fukusima basin. Generally speaking, the density of fields is smaller than of paddy lands, but the density is large in north and is small in south as well as the case of paddy lands.
(5) The density of arablelands shows higher degree than the above-mentioned two distribution-maps. But the pattern of the density as them. Namely, the regions of over 60% are occupied by most of Fukushima, Motomiya and Koriyama, and in the south of the lowland-belt the regions are only running along allvrial lowlands on the sides of main rivers.
(6) In order to treat equally the topographical condition of each basin, the writer added up the whole area of paddy lands, fields, settlements, forests and waste land only in level lands except hills in basins and counted each density of every basin. Note : look No. 3 table. Making the degree of land-development of six basins compared, the author tried to mention them from high to low as the following : -
In the first rank Fukushima-basin is, which shows the density of arablelands of 70.3% and has the smallest land undeveloped. In the second Motomiya and Koriyama basins are mentioned, and Kujigawa valley and Sirakawa basin are thirdly, and Yabuki basin is in the last. The arable land-density in the last basin merely shows 55.5%, and that of the undeveloped areas containing forests and waste lands shows the largest percent of all six basins.

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(1) “Late-at-night” means the time between 22:00 and 24:00, and it is the time-zone of the lowest rate of utillizing of trains in the whole day.
(2) On the whole, the line-section of train-operation at the time of ‘Late-at-night’ (shorten into ′L′time from the following) is very few and one-sided.
(3) From the point of times of the final-start and final-arrival of each line-section of our country, according to the time zone in the eight districts, the stations which have the final-start and the final-arrival occupy 4%, and in Kanto and Chubu, they occupy from 40% to 42%. The stations which the final start and the final-arrival end till 20:00, occupy 60% in Tohoku and in Hokkaido.
(4) If we examine the final-start and final-arrival in the same station, we can see many of the end at 200:00 in Tohoku and Hokkaido while in Kanto end 24:00.
(5) The frequency of starting of trains more than two times at ′L′time′, is 30% and the rate on the whole is 4%. By the way, the frequency of Tokyo Station is 42 time and that of Shibuya of Tokyo is 17 times.
(6) In order to see how a train is operated at ′L′, I make out (M) as the average frequency of train. In the relation between (M) and the length of line-section, the increase of the line-section generally shows the decrease of (M). But if the scheduled-speed is 35km in one hour, (M) makes I. If this is considered to be a standard, Senseki, Minobu, and Kansai are higher than this standard, and Muroran Minami (between Oshamambe and Higashi Muroran) Hohi and Senzaki are lower than this standard. In the case of M I, and the length of line-section is than 70km., the double-operation is adopted in that line-section. This suggests that there are local cities distributed.
(7) To observe the distribution of line-section at ′L′time′ even a main line is not completely connected. Tokaido Honsen is a connected line which is nearly perfect. The distribution of line-section at ′L′time′ in Tohoku Honsen is scattering, and it can be seen around local cities.
(8) It is considered that position of ′L′time′ section is roughly divided into four headings : (1) the whole line-section Ex. Ito, (2) from the starting station, Ex. Hachinohe, (3) to the final-station, Ex. Tsugaru, (4) in the middle of line-section, Ex. Ban-etsuseisen. The line-section of the heading (2). is that the final-station divides the line-section two, and the indication from the starting station rapidly lowers at the final-arrival station forming a border. But it differs from the heading (1), and the area which the starting station dose not indicates is distributed in the line-sect ion. Ex., between Same and Kuji in Hachinoe Sen. In the line-section of the heading (3) is sectional and reaches from 7 to 70. The starting does not occur at ′L′time′ in this line-section. Therefore the distanse of operation which is long can be seen. But a train which starts at 8:00 and arrives at 23:00 is not supposed to have an indication which the starting station has towards the arrival station. It is supposed that the station indicates arrival station in the line-section of 50. But trains from the starting station do not occur at ′L′tim′, hence forth the relation between the starting station is considered to be wealer than tha heading (1), as Koriyama Aizu Wakamatsu in Banetsu Sen. In the line-section of the heading (3), the starting station and the arrival station have a less influence with each other like heading (3). But it differs from (3). and the area which the starting station and the arrival station do not indicate, exists.

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(1) The followings are famous nine pastures of NANBU-HAN in recent times; The pastures of Oma, Okoppe, Arito, Kisaki, Matashige, Sumiya, Ainai, Kita, and Misaki.
(2) They are on the north-eastern corner of Honshu, and have a characters of lowland pasture. Of which, Arito, Kisaki, and Matashige are on the diluvial tableland, Oma, Okoppe Kita and Misaki are on the coastal terrace, Sumiya and Ainai are on the foot hills.
(3) Formerly the pastures of Kita and Misaki had not the fence around them, And grazing horses (so called NOMMA there) ran about freely among the forest and on the grass lands of this neghbourhood. This is a type of free grazing. Therefore for the protection of crops there were fences that enclose the farms.
(4) BY the grazig habits, the nine pastres are classified two types. The one is the type of OKITSUKI (a type of grazing all the year round). The other is the type of grazing during warm seasons. Oma, Okoppe Kisaki, Kita and Misaki belong the former type. And Arito, Matasige, Sumiya and Ainai belong the latter. The pastures of the type of OKITSUKI was near the coast. There were bamboo grass and dead grass that were not buried by snow because wiod blew away them. The Pastures of the type of graziug in warm seasons was on the more snowy land. Therefore in winter it was difficult to grazing there.
(5) The landscape of pastures of the two types were different. That of the pastures of the type of OKITSUKI was forest-like, because there had been prohibited to burn grass and Jree on the pastures, for thr shelter was needed there. That of the pastures of the type of grazing in warm seasons was grass-land-like, because it had been burned there every year.

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