When people lost their residences due to some disasters, like war raids, big fires or earthquakes, they move in search of new residences. These migrations clearly show the social relations the sufferers have.
Tokyo suffered a great damage by the Kwanto earthquake on September 1, 1923. Right after the earthquake, the population of Tokyo was diminished by 910 thousand. The number of the sufferers was 1, 673, 981 (including 68, 660 dead). It was estimated that the sufferers who moved out of Tokyo were 800 thousand. They scattered on the whole areas of Japan relying on their blood relation to their native land, and some of them depending on their place relation to their native prefectures.
Figure 2 shows the population movement in Tokyo before and after the earthquake. And the central figure illustrates that some sufferers remained in Tokyo.
In the case of Sendai many sufferers remained in the city after the destruction by air-raids in 1945. These sufferers remaining in thier city are the city dwellers since several generations and so they have the social relation (chiefly blood relation) within the city.
The existence of such relation is shown in Figure 3, which is the distribution of sufferers at the time of Niigata earthquake. For example in Nishi Niigata area there lived 260 sufferers at the end of June, 1964, including 61 sufferers from Nishi Niigata Shimo area and 29 from Sekiya. Out of the sufferers in Nishi Niigata, 23 moved to Sekiya and 9 to Nishi Niigata Shimo (left of Fig. 3). Moreover, the blood relation within the city shows the relation between the newly developed area and the old city core.

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The Chita Peninsula, situated between the Mikawa Bay and the Ise Bay, is divided into following seven ladnform surfaces (recent alluvial plain is excluded). Morozaki (60-120m in altitude), Taketoyo (45-87m), Yokosuka (40-60m), Kamezaki (25-50m), Handa (10-30m), Iwaname (7-20m), and Ogawa (3-20m).
Morozaki and Yokosuka surfaces are erosional surfaces of low relief, Taketoyo is a depositional surface formed as the fan-like flood plain, and others are coastal and river terraces. The author supposes that Morozaki surface was formed in earlier Pliocene, Ogawa surface was in Holocene, and others were in Pleistocene.
Judging from the inclination of Morozaki surface and the crossprofile through land and sea-bottom, the southern part of the peninsula is a tilted block. From the distribution pattern and the undulatory deformation of Taketoyo surface, the central and northern part of this peninsula made the folded type movement with the axes of N-S direction.
On the other hand, Taketoyo surface may be correlated to Yagoto surface in the Nobi plain and Miyoshi surface in the Nishi-Mikawa plain. From these affairs, the author also supposes that the Nobi plain had been connected with the Nishi-Mikawa plain through the Chita peninsula at the stage of Taketoyo surface formation. Kamezaki, Handa, Iwaname and Ogawa surfaces were formed during the stage of high sea level and the altitudes of estimated ancient shore-line are about 30-40m, 10-15m, 7-10m, and 5m.

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Through the observation of water temperature in the irrigation canals, following types were found in the diurnal variations of water temperature.
1) The diurnal variations of water temperature at observating points were classified into six types.
Type I : Rise and fall of water temperatures are smooth and its rise is quick.
Type II : Rise and fall are smooth too, but its rise is slow.
Type III : The rise of temperature has one step.
Type IV : The type with two peaks.
Type V : The fall of water temperature has one step.
Type VI : Rise and fall are smooth and quick, besides in this type there is a period when the temperature stays without a change for several hours in early morning.
2) Presumably, these types are connected to make a cyclic ring of I-II-III-IV-V-I.
3) This cycle was caused by diurnal and nocturnal variations of water temperature flowing in the canals.

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Well-developed coastal terraces are observed along the Ôma Promontory. The terrace surfaces inthis region are classified into five levels : 1st 150-160m, 2nd 90-110m, 3rd 45-50m, 4th 35-40m, and 5th 10-20m in height. The base of the 1st level is composed of the hard shale, while the bases of the other four levels are composed of soft shale. Most of these five terraces are dissected, but there is seen a bit of flatness in the / 1st level. The 2nd level is distributed in a larger area and it is tilted to the west. The area is dotted with the fragments of the 3rd level, each of them being very small. The 4th level is well-developed and is tilted to the southwest. The 5th level has no evidence of tilting and it has developed diagonally against the 4th level.
The tilting movement in this area has made a unique change in the form of the terraces which made it more difficult to classify them.

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The author analyzed the changing process of landuse and the development of fruit raising in the Tachiya Fan, Yamagata Prefecture. The decrease in the acreage of mulberry fields and the increase of fruit orchards are a nation-wide phenomenon that characterizes the changes of landuse in postwar Japan. Generally speaking, the change in the landuse developed in the Tachiya Fan is similar to the national trends, too.
The fruit raising area is spread all over the fan, and is consisted of two producing districts, old and new. The former was formed about 1930, converted from mulberry fields and forests in the central part of the fan. The latter has been developed after World War II, around the old fruit raising area. In any case, fruit are raised as cash crops by many farmers with small area of orchards. In the old producing district such orchards are mainly composed of vineyards, and the foundation of farm economy is laid on fruit raising. In contrast with this, apples and peaches are dominant in the new producing district, and the emphasis of farming is laid on rice culture with subsidiary fruit raising on small scale.
Additionally, owing to these circumstances, associations in respect to production and shipment of fruits are insufficiently organized in this fruit raising area.

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In general, the local towns and cities have narrower commuting areas than those of large cities. But each of the towns and cities has characteristic features concerning the size of commuting areas and the nature of the commuters.
Main factors affecting the ranges of commuting areas are ; the number of employees by individual enterprise, the kind of manufacturing, the sex and age structure of workers and the conditions of employment.
In towns where there are large scale enterprises with many employees, the commuting areas have larger ranges than the small scale. As to the kind of manufacturing, mechanic factories contribute to the development of large commuting areas. As compared with men, the commuting ranges of women workers are narrow.

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Andesite breccias overlying the terrace deposits of Toyohira river at 350m above sea level seem to be periglacial in origin, because of sharp angularity and poor matrix.
Other breccias found at nine places around the area are seemingly of the similar origin.

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On the eastern slopes of Zao Volcano, there are three hot-spring spas along the road leading from Sendai city to Zao Volcano. They are Tokatta, Aone and Gaga. In April, 1963, for the development of tourist industry, the whole line of Zao-Highway was opened to traffic from Tokatta to Kaminoyama city, Yamagata Prefecture, via the top of Zao Volcano. Since then, the tourists visiting these spas have been rapidly increased. For example, in the case of Tokatta, the visitors increased from 58, 500 in 1961 to 146, 000 in 1963. At the same time, the areal distribution of the visitors' homes has become more extensive.

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In Sendai there are 1916 branch offices and business establishments as of August, 1966. Out of those, 1008 institutions are located in the urbanized area of Sendai. Their distribution is shown in the attached map. The author thinks that these institutions have more or less administrative functions, and are more useful for the purpose of analysing the regional structure of cities than other elements such as population, land values and so on. Since 1959, these institutions show a trend to move eastward within the urban area. This change is in accordance with the changes in population, land values etc., reflecting the influence of these institutions on other structural elements of the city.

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