The author has made a survey of the volcanic flow deposits around Usu and Komagatake Volcanoes in Hokkaido. The results are as follows:
1) Based on the landform and the constituent materials the volcanic flow around Usu and Komagatake Volcanoes is classified into Nuée ardente, Pumice flow, Debris flow and Mudflow. Nuée ardente and Pumice flow consist of essential ejecta, and Debris flow and Mudflow consist of accessory ejecta (Tab. 1).
2) Volcanic flow around Usu Volcano is classified into six; namely Zenkoji nuée ardente, Ôdaira nuée ardente, Wakkaoi debris flow, Higashiusu debris flow, Yosomiyama mudflow and Toya pumice flow (Fig. 1) .
As to Komagatake Volcano, it is similarly subdivided into six, namely Oritogawa pumice flow, Sawara pumice flow, Akaigawa debris flow, Himekawa debris flow, Ôiwa debris flow and Oshidashizawa mudflow (Fig. 3) .
3) Around Usu Volcano, the debris flows are distributed widely on the southern foot, forming hillock land, while the pumice flow and nuée ardent form flat land.
4) Around Komagatake Volcano, the debris flows are distributed widely on the southern and the western foot.
According to geological reports published hitherto, the pumice flow from Komagatake Volcano dammed up the Orito River, and formed Lake Onuma, Lake Konuma and Lake Junsai.
The author's study, however, made it clear that Ôiwa debris flow dammed up the Orito River, forming Lake Onuma and Lake Konuma; after the formation of the two lakes, there was Akaigawa debris flow which dammed up the Shukunobe River and formed Lake Junsai.

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There are two series of marine terraces - Akagawa Terrace and Hiyoshi-cho Terrace - in this area (Fig. 1) .
Some geomorphological features found on hese terrace surfaces are as follows:
1) The slopes of the Akagawa terrace surface are steeper than those of the Hiyoshi-cho terrace surface (Fig. 2-6) .
2) The northwestern parts are different from the southeastern parts concerning the nature of the slopes of terrace surfaces.
3) The ancient strand line has affected the gradient of the Akagawa terrace surfaces at the northwestern part, and has much to do with the gradient of the Hiyoshi-cho terrace surfaces at the southeastern part (Fig. 7, 8) .
4) Correlations are found between the heights of bedrocks and gradients of the terrace surfaces (Fig. 9, 10) .
5) The surface gradients of the terraces with thick terrace deposits are gentler than those with thin terrace deposits.
6) The maximum size of the terrace gravels has relations with the gradients of Akagawa Terrace at the northwestern parts in this district but has no relation with the gradients at the other places (Fig. 11, 12) .
7) Width of the terrace surfaces has relations with gradients of the terrace surfaces (Fig. 13) .
There is an approximate correlation between the gradients of the terrace surfaces and the height of the bedrock, thickness of the terrace gravels and width of the terrace surfaces.
The writer found the influence of a tectonic movement in the northwestern part of Akagawa Terrace and the southeastern part of Hiyoshi-cho Terrace, but he found the features of landform caused by eustatic movement at the other places.

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The existence of paleo-lake basins in the backbone range of Tohoku District has been pointed out by N. Kitamura (1959) . Most of these paleo-lake basins were formed by crustal movements worked through the Upper Miocene to the Pliocene age.
In this paper, the author took the Onikobe Basin, Miyagi Pref., one of the paleo-lake basins in the Tohoku District, in order to analyse the influence of the tectonic movement and the formation of the topographical characteristics in the basin.
The results are summarized as follows;
1) The land forms of the Onikobe Basin are classified as shown in Table 1 and Fig. 1.
2) The original form of the Onikobe Basin was formed by the crustal deformation, and the Onikobe Group of the lacustrine sediment was deposited in the Paleo Onikobe Lake.
3) At about the beginning of the Pleistocene, the crustal movements and the relative upheaval of the outer mountains became active, while the base level of the inner part was lowered relatively. The subsiding area still made a shallow lake, and continued to accumulate the lacustrine deposits of the Upper Onikobe Group which is classified into two parts; the marginal facies of loose conglomerate and sandstone beds, and central facies of well-laminated tuffaceous mudstone and sandstone beds which are characterized by the active dacitic volcanisms.
4) The upheaval of the whole region and the erosion of the Paleo Arao River brought a lowering of lake level, and the Takahata Surface of erosion and accumulation was formed. Judging from the distribution of river terrace and its deposits, the Paleo Onikobe Lake disappeared by the end of the Pleistocene at the latest. The abandoned shore lines left the shore terraces (lake-benches) at the foot of the southern mountain range, and the confluent fan began to be formed at the western area of the basin. Then the bottom of the basin was trenched by the Arao River and its tributaries, and several levels of river terraces were formed.
5) It is inferred from the character of the terrace deposits and the distribution of the surfaces (the existence of the intersected terrace) that there were comparatively new tectonic movements during and after the formation of the terrace surfaces. The same kind of movement can be represented by the eye-brow fault in the southern part of the basin. This movement might have been an expression of the displacement of the bedrock and the new velocanisms in the basin.

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Drying-grounds are important especially for the fishermen collecting sea algae and shell-fishes, as well as those who catch the kinds of fishes which must be dried before shipping. In such villages, much care is paid for the chocie of the location and to maintain and improve the grounds. Thus the drying-grounds sometimes reflect the characteristics of fishing villages very well.
Eastern coast of Oshima peninsula is a noted producing area of tangles which, in this country, are rather important and valuable sea product. Here drying-grounds are well developed, making a remarkable element of local landscape. Here, they are used to dry tangles, cattle-fishes, scallops, and various other fishes.
As the drying process has much to do with the quality of the products, much work is done to maintain the drying-grounds. They are usually ballasted and then covered with mats or bamboo hurdless. Because of the sinking into sand, ballasts are to be refilled once in a while. The land value of drying-grounds is often higher than that of forests, arable lands, or even than house lost. Government land also is often used, and the occupancy of such land is authorized only to full-time fishermen.

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In Tohoku District, fiber board factories are located dispersedly at Noshiro, Koma, Akita, Tsuruoka, Yonezawa and Aizuwakamatsu, and are not concentrated in small area like in Tokai and Osaka districts.
One of the most important locational factors for the development of this industry seems to be the closeness to the forest resources of Tohoku. Fiber board factories dispersed in Tohoku maintained by respective spheres of supply of the forest products.
The dispersed distribution of the factories in Tohoku is the result of the existence of the large area of the forests producing raw materials for the industry.
In addition to this, social and economic politics are arranged to encourage the establishment of at least a factory in every prefecture, and their manifestation perhaps is more important as locational factor than the problem of the market.

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A serivce area is a sphere of influence of a service center. Within the sphere, people's daily movements in the purchase of merchandise and the utilization of services are centered around the service center. The term “service area” implies both simple area and synthetic area. The former is set up as a sphere of accumulation of the movements concerning only one type of activity. The latter, in general, is set up by examining and comparing the spheres of several types of activities. The purpose of the paper is to demarcate boundaries of the service areas in Miyagi Prefecture. The authors attempted to set up the synthetic areas rationally by treating overlapping or indefinite areas as carefully as possible.
The research was carried out by means of questionnaires which were distributed to the junior high school students of each of two hundred and six survey tracts to bring home. Two consumer goods and two “services” were chosen as indicators for demarcating the boundaries: underwear and leather shoes, and patronage of movie theaters and medical facilities.
Date of distribution: July, 1962
Number of questionnaires: 12, 958
Rate of recovery: 93%
Sample ratio (recovered questionnaires/all households in the object area) : 1/20
In this paper, the authors deal with both the people's daily destinations and the irrates of dependency on fixed service centers. The rate of dependency means the rate with which householders in each survey tract depend upon fixed service centers in their own tract or other tracts in the purchase of merchandise or the usage of services. The rate of utilization of service centers by householders in each survey tract was calculated for each indicator by dividing the number of questionnaires listing specific service centers by the total number of valid questionnaires recovered.
To set up service areas, all the tracts in the object area were classified into five types according to their dependency patterns with respect to: whether a tract depends on other tracts or whether it is depended upon by other tracts, the degree to which a tract depends on other tracts or is depended upon by other tracts, the location and number of tracts which a given tract depends upon. The following classification was applied to each of the four indicators:
A₁: A tract which is completely dependent upon its own service center and is completely depended upon by one or more other tracts.
A₂: A tract which is completely dependent upon its own service center but is not completely depended upon by any other tract.
B: A tract which depends upon both a service center in its own tract and one or more service centers in other tracts, but which is not depended upon by other tracts.
C₁: A tract which does not depend upon a service center in its own tract but depends upon only one service center in another tract.
C₂: A tract which does not depend upon a service center in its own tract but depends upon two or more other service centers in other tracts.
Synthetic service areas were set up (Fig. 4) by examining the types and destinations of the four indicators in each tract. Two synthetic areas were established: I) An area which consists of a central tract which contains a fairly large service center in it and one or more subordinate tracts which are dependent upon the central tract. II) An area which consists of a single tract which is primarily self-sufficient. These two areas are composed of tracts which conform to the following conditions:
I) Central tract: a tract which belongs to “A₁” in over two of the four indicators.
Subordinate tract: 1) a tract which belongs to “C₁” in over two of the four indicators. The destination is the same for all indicators belonging to “C₁” ; that is, it depends on the same service center for all indicators.

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The total acreage of mulberry fields in Japan has been reduced in the last thirty years in accordance with the change of her industrial structure. In Miyagi prefecture, the acreage has been reduced to 12% of its 1930 maximum, but in an area along the lower reach of the Abukuma River, mulberry fields still remain as a dominant landuse (33%) . In this paper, the authors discuss the location factors which worked to preserve a large acreage of the mulberry fields.
The area where the mulberry fields remain well is divided into two; namely, the flood plain of the basin which has frequently suffered from flood damages, and the mountain slopes around the basin. In the former region the main location factor is the frequent flood damage, and in the latter the main factors are the smallness of farm management and the predominance of uneven fields.

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Miyagi Prefecture frequently suffers severe frost damages, and the conspicuous difference in damage-rate in locality has much to do with the land-use in agriculture. According to the frost damage distribution, severe damages are not necessarily caused in the areas separated geomorphologically from the sea coast, but the southern and northern parts of the prefecture sometimes suffer much more severe damages, although they are situated near or open to the sea coast (Fig. 1) . This fact shows that frost damage distribution does not coincide with continentality in this district.
The author tried to grasp the factors which decided the patterns of the frost damage distribution, and found that the distribution of the lowest temperature deviation on calm, fine days in spring often showed the same pattern as the distribution of the frost damage, and conjectured that this deviation distribution (Fig. 2) would be formed by the advection of the cold inland air to the warm areas near the sea coast.

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A severe damage from the late frost mainly on fruit trees and mulberry, broke out over the southern district of Northeast Japan, on 29 April, 1964. The difference of the minimum air temperature from the long term average temperature shows an uneven distribution with its maximum in the southern parts of Miyagi prefecture and central parts of Fukushima prefecture (Fig. 1) . We surveyed the Igu Basin (Miyagi pref.), which is one of the core regions suffered from the damage and was distinguished from slightly damaged regions (coastal plain) by the hills 200-300 m. high. According to the field map showing the degrees of damage on mulberry leaves (Fig. 3), there are some warm islands of slightly damaged areas at the opening of the Abukuma Valley into the basin, and also there is an area where the distribution is complicated in the northern basin adjacent to the coastal plain. Such a distribution of the damage as Fig. 3 will present the key to solve the climatic nature of small basins.

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