Investigations of the geology of Matsuhodo slide area consisting of Ogureyama and Sugiyama formations, which belong to sedimentary mineral assemblages of the Neogene Tertiary, have shown that Neogene Tertiary layers are formed from the upper to the Iower by the diagenesis of the two facies;
Facies 1: (montmorillonite)-clinoptilolite-quartz·plagioclase-cristbalite.
Facies 2: montmorillonite (chlorite)-(sericite)-analcite. (clinoptilolite)-quartz·plagioclase-calcite.
The montmorillonite zones, so-called geologic weak zones, are formed from the surface to some dozen meters depth by weathering. And it is clear that the seepage pressure is liable to cause the weak zones to slide along the sliding surfaces.

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The author investigated the characteristics and the origin of the sag-shaped closed depression along the lower reach of the River Arakawa in the Fukui Plain.
The results are summarized in the following manner.
1) In the sag-shaped closed depression, the deltaic sediments are thickly deposited as the upper final layer.
2) From the geomorphological characteristics of the sag-shaped closed depression, its formation has its origin in the subsiding activity following the formation of the deltaic plain.
3) The sag-shaped depression has the following characteristics.
(i) The sag-shaped closed depression is located just above the earthquake fault caused by the Fukui earthquake, and a leftslip together with west side down-thrown have occurred.
(ii) Breaking out of the crack and the formation of the depression have occurred at the time of the Fukui earthquake.
Based on the above mentioned characteristics, the author has come to the conclusion that in the sag-shaped closed depression, faulting in the bed rock has occurred due to earthquakes in the past, and a subsiding activity associated with this faulting gave rise to the depression of a thick upper final layer and also to the sag-shaped closed depression on the deltaic plain.

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Based on photo-interpretation and field survey, the site of an ancient highway, the Nankaido, was identified in the former Karita District in west Kagawa Prefecture. The highway was about ten meters in width and excluded from the sections of Jori. It was used as a boundary line of Ri in Jori cadastral system, and also of Go administrative areas through the former Karita District.
There are two possibilities for this arrangement: simultaneous planning for the highway, Jori system and Go areas or successive planning of Jori system and Go areas on the basis of the existing highway. Though a decision between the above possibilities is not easy, it is natural that the highway was established initially and was followed by the allotment of Jori system, and finally, Go areas were delimited with boundary lines on the highway and other Jori allotment.
Judging from the fact that the highway had already been fully equipped at the beginning of the 8th Century, the establishment of Go areas along the highway may be dated back to this time, and the delimitation of Go areas have been scarcely changed since then.
The Minister of the District was supposed to be Karitano-obito whose domicile was in Kii-Go. This means his close contact with the famous Kii-clan. The site of the District Office was perhaps in Sakamoto-Go closer to the sea and rivers and this location was surely based on the consideration of water transportation. Moreover, it should be noted that the Kii-clan excelled in ship-building techniques.

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The mall layout in the case of the Richmond Promenade is similar to that of a mall center type of shopping center. Unlike the mall center type of shopping center where the foot traffic is directed by the location of the stores at strategic points in the mall, the flow of shoppers on the Richmond Promenade has been directed to some degree by the creation of the pedestrain mall, the location of parking facilities, and the passage ways to the mall from the parking lots. In order to attract shoppers to the mall area, the city officials were successful in having a major department store locate on the mall. In addition, there are clusterings of similar types of retail establishments which have a tendency to attract people because of their ability to offer various lines, styles, and prices. Unlike the new shopping centers, however, some of the characteristics of the downtown area are retained by the clustering of bank headquarters and other financial institutions as well as non-commercial activities. The improvements through the location of retail establishments, along with other features mentioned in previous papers such as the rerouting of traffic, the additional parking, the renovation of buildings, and the construction of the pedestrain mall, played an important role in attracting shoppers back to the downtown area in Richmond.
The Richmond Promenade: A Look Back
It is appropriate at this point to review the development and the implementation of the rehabilitation project of the central business district of Richmond, Indiana. The deteriorating condition of the downtown area was a matter of increasing concern for the merchants in the area, but this condition was not sufficient to motivate the first step toward the re-development. As indicated previously, various possibilities were under consideration for the revitalization of the area by the merchants association. But, the disaster of April 6, 1968 in the downtown area advanced the need for redevelopment to the forefront.
The acceptance of the perimeter plan as the overall guide was indicative of the size and the types of changes which were to be undertaken in the redevelopment project. The major goals of this plan were to improve the flow of traffic and increase the parking spaces which, of course, the city government accomplished by rerouting the traffic and the construction of parking lots. The blighted conditions were removed through the renovation of the structurally sound buildings. The pedestrain mall further enhanced the attractiveness of the area. The creation of a pleasant park-like situation on the mall was crucial because without it the mall would merely be a path to move from end to the other.
One of the objectives of the rehabilitation project for the downtown area was to enhance its ability to attract potential customers through the availability of a wide range of goods and services. The location of a major department store, partially, fulfilled this goal. Also, the clustering of similar types of retail establishments as well as the specialty shops contribated to the return of customers to the downtown area.

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Recently, the northern border regions of Mexico have experienced a rapid increase in population and urban growth. The most important factor for this development is the proximity to the Southwest region of the United States, and the locational predominance of the border regions stimulates development of agriculture, manufacturing and mining, and commerce and services. Consequently, these regions have higher income levels and higher rates of employment than the interiors of the country. But, the northern border regions have extremely low levels of income and higher unemployment rate than the adjacent southwestern regions of the United States. These differentials raise some serious international problems. Some of these are crime, illegal entry, public health, sewerage, water allocation from rivers, and air pollution. There are many twin cities along the international boundary, and yet there are conspicuous contrasts of income level and standard of social capital accumulation between the two groups of twin cities. The water apportionment and management to cope with the increasing demand of use of water and the sanitation problems are unsolved between the United States on the upper basin and Mexico on the lower basin. Accompanied by the development of manufacturing and urban growth, damages from air pollution are becoming severe. The differences in the legal, technical and economic characteristics between the two countries have hindered joint surveys and measures for air pollution control. Accordingly, the international boundary acts as an artificial barrier. The problems such as water supply and sewerage are eminently regional in their nature, and the solution of these problems should not be affected by the man-made boundary. Also, the problem of air pollution is similar and measures should be taken on the consideration of an environmental system which is integrated as a geographic region. The obstacles of the international boundary should be surmounted and the solutions to these problems should be based on the new concept of a regional system.

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To the east of the Abukuma Mountains, left lateral displacements are noticeable on the active NNW-SSE faults with nearly vertical dip along the western margin and eastern part of the Futaba Shear Zone. Offset streams and shutter ridges are clearly formed along the western fault. Ridges in the shear zone bend northeastward and are dislocated sinistrally on the faults. The total amount of left lateral displacement on the shear zone is estimated to be over 500m through Quaternary. An upheaval is also recognized at the west of the shear zone from the deformation of terraces along the Mano and Uda rivers.

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