The purpose of this paper is to clarify the state of the dual structure of regional economy in the western part of China and to discuss the relationship between the development of resources and regional development.
1) Outline of the region: Anning with a population of some 220, 000 is located about 40km south-west of Kunming, capitol city of Yunnan, and the surrounding areas have affluent natural resources. Because of the locational advantages, Chinese Government has continued the investment for development these 40 years and the region is the important focal areas of heavy industries and a large-scale regional development plan is proposed and expected to be a promising area.
The process of the industrialization by the big investment is divided into two phases; the first phase is the construction of material industry of heavy industries from the end of 1950s to the middle of 1960s, and the second phase is the appearance of machinary industry, mainly millitary industry from the end of 1960s to the end of 1970s.
2) The imbalance of regional economic structure: Although the regional society seems to be greatly industrialized, lots of problems exist. Firstly, there exists the great difference between the national economy and local economy. By the figures of the rate of economic growth, economic production of amount, productivity of labor and the proportion of industrial sectors, local economy has a farming-based characteristic. There is almost no relationship between the national big industries and local industries, i. e. the dual economic structure.
Secondly, the industrial structure of the region shows a great imbalance. Industrial sector has a share of 72.5% of the total production amount. Heavy industry is 97% in the industrial sector and specialized in the resource oriented heavy industry. On the other hand, the proportion of farming and commerercial/service industries are low. This shows that the total development of regional economy does not follow the development of large-scale industries.
Thirdly, it is a remarkable situation that there exists the inefficiency of industrial location and the closedness of the national industry toward the local areas. Location of industries in Anning is isolatedly dispersed. Since the administrative bodies are different between national industry and local industry and society, mutual flow of people and goods do not come out. The life of employees and their family of the national industry is restricted in the base of national industrial zone.
Although the non-farming population of Anning is increased by 46.8% through the investment for development, central places with urban function were not created and the dual structure is organized.
3) Factors of duality of regional econoimic structure: Firstly, development investment is directed only for the big industry and the local society is still remained in the phase of almost selfsustained farming economy. Social environment and accumulation of technology are not formed, therefore the national industry has to strengthen the limited society in the indurtrial zone.
Secondly, there exists the policy of central governments which ignores the choice and decision of local areas in order to achieve the planned economy for accumulation. Government constructed the industries which utilize only resources, but does not consider the total development of the comprehensive regional economy. Urban amenity and social welfare are institutionalized and implemented only for the employees of national industry, so the barriar between the national employees and local residents is created. The national industry and local areas are separated both economically and socially.
4) Future strategy for the economic development: Firstly, the regional industrial system should be established to connect the resource development and processing industry, heavy industry and light industry, industry and agriculture, etc.

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The study of city system is to examine the whole relationship through the socio-economic activities among cities. It is fundamentally important to analyse the interrelations among cities using the study of a city's system. However, studies have not been sufficiently undertaken till now because of difficulties in data collection. This study attempts to clarify the system of cities based on the analysis of internal migration in Korea, and to compare it with that of Japan based on the analysis of internal migration (Morikawa, 1985).
Data used are The Korean National Migration Surveys published by the National Bureau of Statistics of Economic Planning Board and Korea Institute for Population and Health in 1985. The number of city was 50 in 1983 and the number of analysed cities was 45.
Analysis methods are as follows. (1) The types of cities were analysed by the number of out-migrants and in-migrants, and each type was analysed by population size. (2) The spatial patterns of migration among cities were analysed by the nodal flows of the largest and secondary flow of the migration rates (out-migration rates plus in-migration rates). And hierarchical structure of cities was analysed by semi-logarithm graph; vertical axis (logarithm graph) represented the city population size and horizontal axis (arithmetic graph) represented the direct distance of each city from Seoul, and each city was linked by nodal flows.
The results are as follows:
1. The city growth based on the migration appeared conspicuously in middle rank cities, and small rank cities declined. These phenomena are very similar to Japan. In case of Korea, the development of manufacture is a factor of city growth.
2. The spatial patterns of migration among cities appeared in the migration field of national level, and all cities are directly or indirectly linked with Seoul. But in the case of Japan, the migration fields are centered in Tokyo, Osaka and Nagoya. The differences between the two countries are caused strongly by the attraction of population force of capital city and the weak development of local cities in Korea.
3. The city's rank of population size consists of 6 ranks, and the Korean city's system shows a typical hierarchical structure as seen in Christaller's model. These phenomena are caused by such factors as agglomeration of functions in capital city and centralization of administrative power system and the lack of interchange between Honam and Yeongnam cities by geomorphological hindrance (Fig. 1). The Japanese city system shows a typical hierarchical structure as seen in Christaller's model, but the capital city gradually encroached the system of the neighborhood local cities made by prefectural center cities of middle rank. Accordingly, the existing hierarchical structure is destroyed, and the direct connection to capital city appeared.
4. Centralization of administrative power system and primacy impedes the development of regional center cities in Korea. But, practice of local self-government system caused the development of regional center cities in Japan.
5. Level of employments and incomes of high rank cities are the highest in terms of the economic characteristics of each hierarchical rank, and middle rank cities appeared higher. But regional center cities appeared lower than middle rank cities in level of employments and incomes. These phenomena became an important obstacle factor of the development in regional center cities.
As mentioned above, system of cities in Korea does not consist of well developed hierarchy of metropolitan city—regional center city—prefectural city—local city as Japan. Especially, because regional center cities are undeveloped, and provincial center cities are not dominant in the province cities, it is necessary to promote a more regular hierarchical system.

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In this paper, the author attempts to clarify the regional difference in the distribution of evergreen and summer-green broad-leaved secondary forests and the causal factors involved, from the viewpoint of “mesoscale” which corresponds to the same scale as mesoclimate, in the southern part of the Boso Peninsula in eastern Japan. The study area is located at the northern limit of the dominant area of evergreen broad-leaved secondary forests (Castanopsis, Quercus coppice forests) along the coast of the Pacific Ocean (Fig. 1). Summer-green broad-leaved secondary forests (Quercus coppice forests) are also dominant in the area.
A distinct areal difference was found in the distribution of evergreen and summer-green broad-leaved secondary forests in the study area at a mesoscale extension. The evergreen broad-leaved secondary forests were dominant along the Pacific coast while the summer-green broad-leaved secondary forests in the inland area (Fig. 2).
The principal causal factors forming such areal difference of these forests were not artificial factors such as the intensity of cutting (Figs. 3-5), nor past land-use as grassland (Fig. 6) but apparently one or more natural ones, in particular, the temperature during winter half year (Figs. 7-9). From our ecological knowledge of evergreen and summer-green broad-leaved trees, the higher the temperature is during the dormant season (From November to April), the greater the surplus production of evergreen trees is. Evergreen trees can store the production for shoot elongation in spring. Thus the competitive ability of evergreen trees against summer-green trees in the secondary forest canopy is strengthened as the cumulative temperature condition during the winter bud season becomes warmer along an areal cline.
Therefore, I can conclude that the mesoscale areal defference of the secondary forests is determined principally by the cumulative temperature during the winter bud season. In fact, the distributional pattern of evergreen and summer-green broad-leaved secondary forests corresponds to that of the monthly cumulative temperature during the winter bud season. The boundary between the dominant areas of each forest type coincides with the 52 [°C·month] isobar (Figs. 2 and 9). Furthermore, summer-green broad-leaved forests are now more frequent in areas that were used as grasslands in the 1890's rather than in areas that were used as woodlands at that time, especially in the transitional zone between the dominant areas of each forest type (Fig. 10). This fact also suggests that the areal difference discussed above is determined not by artificial factors but by one or more natural ones.

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