In order to classify the climate, there are three types of methods; static climatological method, empirical one and causal one. It seems that they correspond to the first level “Qualitative inventory and associations”, the second one “Morphological systems” and the third one “Cascading systems”, respectively, of Terjung's five categories of the methodology in physical geography.
This study involves the first level for the data collection itself while the second and third levels were applied to select and analyse the climatic elements or indices.
Climatological elements and indices for classifying here are the annual range of air-temperature, Lang's Regenfaktor, seasonality of precipitation, year climate and snow depth. Their distributions are shown in Fig. 2 to Fig. 8. The annual range of air-temperature and Regenfaktor are quite significant elements from the view point of the annual heat-exchange and water balance at the earth surface.
By integrating the patterns of the isolines or the distributions in the seven maps, fourteen climatic types are identified as fairly homogeneous climatic regions (Fig. 9).

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A boreal coniferous forest belt is underlain by a cool temperate summer green broad leaved forets belt in japanese mountains as usual. The latter, composed mainly of beech (Fagus crenate), however, has no overlying belt with arboric forest belt but has one with scrubs, herbaceous vegetations, Sasa communities and other treeless vegetations on mountains rising along the coast of the Sea of Japan. It is said that this results from heavy snow of the region. Such treeless vegetations are found also on summit areas of some mountains of backbone range in northeast Japan.
In the above cases a tree line or an upper limit of arbors lies within an altitudinal range in which beech can survive. Across this line the growthform of beech shifts from arbor to sub-tree or shrub. Such an upper limit was studied in Funakata Mts. (Figs. 1 and 2) rising in a midst of the backbone range of noutheast Japan.
The upper limit in this area runs higher in gullies and ravines than on spurs and ridges in elevation (Fig. 3 and Table 1). There is not so much differrence in the elevation of the limit between the east facing slope and the west facing. These tendencies are opposite to that observed on the mountains of the Sea of Japan side.
This suggests that the zone of treeless vegetation of this area is not under the same condition as on the mountains of the Sea of Japan side. It is more probable that the treeless vegetations of Funakata Mts. result not from the heavy snow but from the strong wind. Heavily deformed Pinus parviflora var, pentaphylla scattered on the treeless vegetation belt of these mouttains supports this estimation, too.

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The distribution of large-scale mass movement in the central area of Ou Mountains including southern Rikuzen Hills, which has an area of over 1ha per one movement is surveyed. The relation between largescale mass movement and erosional processes of this area is studied. Results are as follows.
When this part is divided into three geomorphological unit—volcanic mountainland, non-volcanic mountainland and hilly land—, large-scale landslides are most conspicuous in the volcanic zone and least in the hilly area.
In the volcanic zone an desitic lava covers tuffaceous Tertiary basement, and large-scale landslides result from such a geological setting. Kuwanuma landslide (Fig. 3) is the largest, that has an area of 720ha. Generally speaking, this type of landslide is common to the old volcanoes with gentle surfaces covered by cap rock layer. This is a different pattern of volcanic dissection against the type of linear erosion seen on a new conide.
In the non-volcanic zone, the landslides are of rapid type and in small scale as compared with volcanic zone, and landslides occurred on the mountain slope in early mature stage.
In the hilly area most hills overlaid by resistant rock are dissected through the following processes—(1) linear erosion by stream into the flat hill-top surface, (2) occurrence of large-scale landslide, (3) stream erosion in the sliding mass, (4) occurrence of secondary landslide, (5) washing away of the sliding mass and linear erosion by stream in the surface of rupture, (6) formation of the dendritic ridge pattern. The landform development of Rikuzen Hills will be explained by application of the above-mentioned processes.

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In Japan, the ecological research of big wild mammals including the wild boar is few, mainly because they almost inhabit the forest. But the management of wild animals is important and it concerns creature's resources and conservation of nature, therefore an approach from the applied geographical field is expected.
In order to the enforcement of the effective management, we must understand the ecology of wild animals first. So, the author investigated the ecology of the wild boar from the analysis of digged holes in the Japan cedar plantation with the result as follows; 1) The wild boar digs holes with two types. 2) The major axis, the minor axis and the depth of digged holes correlate from one to another. 3) The wild boar digs out the ground to the low place (67%), the side or the surrounding (26%), the high (7%). 4) Digged holes concentrate on the edge of the forest.
Hereafter, the author expects the heap of these researches for the grasp of the wild boar's ecology and the enforcement of the effective management.

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Lumbering industries developed in some cities around the Kii mountains have been supplied much wood from the mountain.
Matsuzaka city located to the east of this mountains is one of these. Before the War II, there were about ten lumber factories in Matsuzaka. Most of them were located in Hanaoka area. This area had good condition for lumber industries depending upon the wood supply from the upper basin of Kushida River.
After the War II, the number of lumber factories increased rapidly to 137 in 1977.
The factors of this increase are concluded as follows;
(1) The timber market of Nagoya has increases the demand and required much supply from Matsuzaka.
(2) In this process, some new sawn timber markets were established in Matsuzaka and gathered much wood from the western part of Japan. they permit to locate many small lumber factories newly in Matsuzaka.
(3) Also some large business firms advanced newly in this city and they introduced much imported timber. Thus some other large scale factories have been newly located for imported timber. Most of them were located in this area in the outskirts of urban area to enlarge thier scale of production.

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The frost hummocks and the frost scars, which are active periglacial landforms, develop on the crater bottom of Mt. Onamedake (1, 637m) in Akita-Komagatake volcanic groups. The vegetation in the crater is divided into three groups, Pinus pumila (A), Sieversia pentapetala (B), and Sanguisorba albiflora and Calamagrostis purpurascens (C). Well-developed frost hummocks entirely covered with dense vegetation are observed on the (C) group. The diameter and the height of frost hummocks, respectively, are 40 to 130cm and 10 to 65cm. The frost scars develop on the (B) group. The soil at the crater bottom is composed of the AK-b tephra (radiocarbon dated at 2, 770±260 yr. B, P.) erupted from Akita-Komagatake Volcano.

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