In the northeast margin of the Niigata Plain, many active structures are distributed. Author investigated them to clarify the features, especially their activities in the late Quaternary. The results are summarized as follows.
1. The Murakami Hills and the Kushigata Mountains which are situated eastern margin of the Niigata Plain have folded and uplifted. But the rate of uplift of them are not equal. The average rate of uplift in the Murakami Hills is 0.1-0.2mm/yr, and that of the Kushigata Mountains, south of the Murakami Hills is 1-2mm/yr.
2. At the western foot of the Kushigata Mountains, active reverse faultings have occured with a sense discordant to the uplifting of the Mountains. The vertical slip rate of them are about 0.3-0.5mm/yr.
Around the Murakami Hills, there is no active faultings with a such sense.
3. The summit level of Mountains and hills are accordant to the rate of uplift.
4. In the eastern margin of the Niigata Plain, the active faults have acted with left-lateral sense. This sense is not according to the regional stress field.
These facts represent the regional differences of crustal movement along the Shibata-Koide tectonic line which have played the important role for the reduction of Niigata sedimentary basin. And, it is suggested that active faulting in the eastern margin of the Niigata Plain has occured under the secondary stress field.

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Using the data on the succession of diatom assemblages, the marine regression processes at Kanto Plain are classified into eight series, as follows.
1. “innerbay-tidal flat-marsh-valley plain” series
2. “innerbay-lake-marsh-valley plain” series
3. “innerbay-gradual change zone-land” series
4. “innerbay-tidal flat-marsh-backmarsh” series
5. “innerbay-fluvial sediments-former channel” series
6. “innerbay-fluvial sediments-natural levee” series
7. “innerbay-delta-land” series
8. “coast-marsh” series
Upper limit of marine facies can be determinated at upper-middle part of valley plains, backmarshes and paleo-coasts along uplands.

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A hydrological observation system is developed using a handheld-computer HC-40 and a storage battery. Handheld-computer has a 123KB RAM disk in which measured data can be stored. The system has a water sampler and samples of stream water are automatically collected. Start time of the water sampler can be set by the measured data; i. e. intensity of precipitation or water level.
An example of the observation is also presented. The results of the observation are summarized as follows;
1. Stream discharge, water temperature and conductivity of stream water quickly respond to precipitation.
2. The second peak discharge is observed when the saturated area expand at the head floor and connect with the head of channelway.
3. The hydrograph is separated into “old water” and “new water” by combining a watermass balance with Mg²⁺ mass balance relations. The first peak discharge is considered to be composed of saturated overland flow and subsurface flow generated around the channelway. The source of second peak discharge is suggested to be groundwater accumulated at the head floor.

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This paper attempts to clarify the migration pattern by sex and age classes in Aichi Prefecture (Fig. 1), using the migration data in 1988 collected by the Bureau of Statistics, Aichi prefectural office. These data consist of origin and destination matrices between 103 areas classified by sex (male and female) and age classes (0-14, 15-19, 20-29, 30-64 and 65 and over).
Three mode factor analysis is conducted to find the migration structure of the complex O-D patterns (Fig. 3). First, as a result of factor analysis on destinated areas based upon Equations 2 to 5, eight factors are derived (Table 1). Five factors show the movement in the marginal part in Nagoya-shi and its surrounding areas, and two factors show the movement within the urban areas in Nishimikawa region, central part in the prefecture, One more factor shows the movement around Komaki-shi located in the northern part of Nagoya-shi.
Second, as a result of factor analysis on origins based upon Equations 6 to 11, nine factors are derived (Table 2). Two factors show the movement in the central part in Nagoya-shi, four factors in the marginal part in Nagoya-shi and its surrounding areas, one factor in the areas around Komaki-shi and two factors in the Nishimikawa region.
Finally, as a result of factor analysis based upon sex and age classes, three factors are derived: the factor indicating the migration of male infant, boys and middle-aged generations, the factor indicating the migration of female infant, boys, young and middle-aged generations and the factor indicating the migration of female old-aged generation and young male generation (Table 3). Fig. 6 shows the migration pattern of each factor based upon the core matrix calculated by Equations 18 and 19. All three factors indicate the movement from the central part to the surrounding areas. However, the directions of movement are quite different by each factor. For the infant, boys and middle-aged generations, the migration from the central part to the east of the city is dominant. For the young generation, the migration from the central part to the southwest and south of the city is prevailing. The migration by the old-aged generation is strong between the central part and the east and southwest of the city.

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There seems to be two shortcomings in the recently published papers on the so called “integrated models” of intra-urban retailing structures in Japan. Firstly, the division and typology of retailing areas, which is largely inspired by the hierarchical division of central places, hardly gives any proper image which fits for our real experience. Secondly, since the division of distribution types of retailings is not enough logical, the interpretation on the factors of retailing types scarcely gives so well-founded understanding. Owing to these, areal characteristics of retailings which should be premise for the objective interpretation of factors are not so clear, and explanation on the urban retailing areas, which should be based on one's real experience, is inclined to mechanistic. In this paper, the authors reconsider these problems, and propose an improved method and attempt to make more realistic interpretation on intra-urban retailing stracture, using the data collected from the urbanized area of Hamamatsu City (Fig. 2) in the central Japan.
The process of analysis is as follows. (1) 200m×200m quadratatic meshes are created over the urbanized area and the number of outlets of each cell by each retailing types is counted. (2) These numbers are adjusted by the shifting average method (Fig. 1), and 302 cells with ten and over outlets are taken for the following analysis. (3) The cells are aggregated into five equidistance concentric zones, and the specialization indices for each zone and for each retailing are worked out. (4) The logically exlusive category of the distribution pattern of intra-urban retailings are established (shown below):
(5) Using these categories and the specialized patterns, the distribution types of each retailing are judged.
The geographical matrix of the outlet numbers with 302 quadrats×41 retailings obtained from (2) are subjected for the factor analysis, and four factors with clear meanings—urban center oriented, peripheral oriented, urban arterial oriented, and unusually specialized retailings—are extracted. Then, using the factor scores of these four factors, the cluster analysis is carried out. Through the interpretation based on the real practical experience, each clusters can be explained as following seven retaling areas (Fig. 4): urban center oriented type (K, L), specialized type on high-class restaurants and lodging facilities adjacent to CBD and terminal (M), neighborhood type in densely inhabitated old inner town (N), old arterial type on the outskirts of inner area (O), new suburban arterial type (P), suburban arterial type specialized in the automobile shops and big shopping centers (Q), suburban neighborhood type (R).

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